Humans and other animals face decisions on which food items to harvest, when to quit searching and when to move on to the next patch. This chapter starts by describing optimal foraging theory (OFT), which has been used to understand and to predict foraging behaviour in animals as well as humans. We follow this by describing how cultural issues, such as taboos and religious beliefs, can affect optimal foraging in humans. We describe how OFT has been applied to human foraging and why it has been criticized by some researchers. We show that a number of alternatives to OFT models applied to humans have been suggested. Because there are different prey species and food is not distributed uniformly, prey and foraging space must be selected by human foragers. We continue by defining group hunting and sexual division in hunting roles as crucial elements in human foraging strategies. We end the chapter by discussing conservation and sustainability and linking this to the ecologically noble savage concept introduced in the previous chapter.

Chapter 5 argues that the origins of human swarm problem solving can be traced back to group hunting which required rapid problem solving during the hunt, but also planning activities. Collective actions build on synchronization in the sense that every contribution from individual hunters mattered. Another milestone was the emergence of premodern trade, which enabled human groups to utilize informational diversity from non-kin and even strangers. Knowledge was shared in new ways through large gatherings and trade networks. The third major achievement was the establishment of the first democracy in ancient Athens with institutions such as the Assembly of the People, the Council of 500 and the People`s Court. These institutions let a large number of individuals engage in rapid problem solving in a formalized manner. Individuals from all over the Athenian territory met in the city to solve societal problems. These historical examples show that human swarm problem solving is also a story about our ability to solve problems in increasingly larger groups.