Experiments were conducted for 3 yr to evaluate the effects of the ethyl ester of fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} on rice (Oryza sativa L. 'Starbonnet′) applied at 112 and 168 g ai/ha or as two applications of 112 g ai/ha applied 10 to 14 days apart. Fenoxaprop did not adversely affect grain yield, panicle weight, seed weight, or seed germination when applied before the booting stage of both sprinkler-irrigated and flooded rice. Rice height was sometimes reduced by treatment at earlier growth stages, but yields were not affected. With the exception of applications at early jointing (internode elongation = 6 mm) in 1983, milling yield was not adversely affected by fenoxaprop applications made prior to booting of both sprinkler-irrigated and flood-culture rice. Applications during heading adversely affected most yield parameters.

This paper estimates original yields for five grains in thirty-three provinces of Spain in the mid-18th century. We observe a strong heterogeneity between the provinces with yields being considerably higher in the north of the country than in the south-east. Although average yields in Spain were below those in other countries of north-western Europe, the provinces in the north achieved yields not far behind the most advanced agricultural regions of the world. The heterogeneity of yields across Spain can be explained by the different climatic conditions in each province. Although all the provinces improved their yields in the long term, the differences between the provinces remained stable until the modernisation of Spanish agriculture around the mid-20th century.