Pediatric neuroimaging techniques can probe the integrity of brain function and normal brain maturational processes and provide a window into possible abnormalities in neurocognitive development. This chapter describes the initial investigations and discusses what has been found regarding the changes in brain function that support the healthy maturation of cognitive control of behavior. Basic cognitive processes, which are evident in infancy and show dramatic changes throughout childhood, continue to develop throughout adolescence. Two higher-order cognitive abilities crucial to the voluntary control of behavior are working memory and voluntary suppression of context-inappropriate responses. Most pediatric functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are performed to assist in the localization of language areas to guide excision lesions to relieve epileptic seizures. Pediatric fMRI studies have provided insight into the possible factors underlying the etiology of developmental abnormalities such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia.