Chapter 9 explores the many situations in which new IP is developed under a licensing or other agreement, and how that IP is owned and licensed. Attention is given both to licensee developments (improvements and derivative works of licensed rights), which may be subject to grantback and license-back arrangements (Kennedy v. NJDA) and new IP developed by a licensor under a services arrangement (e.g., commissioned works, customizations) (IXL v. AdOutlet) and the incorporation of third party components in developed technologies. The chapter also addresses the complex issues that arise from joint development of IP, including treatment of foreground, background and sideground IP, and how IP is used in the context of joint ventures (Pav-Saver v. Vasso). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the allocation of responsibility for IP management, maintenance and prosecution.

Changing practices in contemporary biosciences and biotechnology have altered definitions and understandings of what we call “life”—what we mean by this term, what constitutes life, and how human and nonhuman others experience life. This chapter explores the shifting definitions of life within the biosciences, and beyond—which have emerged due to specific bioscientific/biotech advancements and changing political-economic imperatives and governing logics that have emerged during the latter half of the twentieth century. Increasingly, now, life as we know it has come to be manipulated, customized, optimized, maximized, and commodified. The chapter considers how life is increasingly technologized, how life is now understood as an ‘open dynamism,’ how life is something now viewed as subject to self-governance, and how life has become a domain of biovalue. While concepts of life and life-making strategies might have altered, historic inequities have not receded but are instead re-secured and often exacerbated.

Chapter 1 describes 3D printing technology’s capabilities and its limitations. It also explains the important concept of physitization, which is the term I use to describe the bidirectional path that 3D printing creates between physical and digital versions of objects. At the industrial level, 3D printing technology catalyzes new methodologies for product design, development, and production, and it lowers the cost and weight of an array of existing products. At the personal level, 3D printing technology democratizes design and manufacturing, opening doors to widespread product innovation, free and open source collaboration, and artistic creations. At both the industrial and individual levels, the technology dramatically lowers the costs of product design and commercialization and ushers in an era where a product’s complexity of shape is not a barrier to manufacturing.