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constraints on observation

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9 - Language Ideology and Observation: Nineteenth-Century Scholars in Northwestern Siberia
- By Susan Gal
Edited by Aneta Pavlenko, University of York
Book:

Multilingualism and History

Published online:

20 April 2023

Print publication:

27 April 2023, pp 170-186
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Summary

This paper argues that the observations of scholars are shaped by the historically conditioned ideological presuppositions they hold about what language is and what characteristics of speakers it conveys. European observers in the nineteenth century – linguists, explorers, natural scientists – brought one broad set of ideas to the task of observation. They presumed that languages are like organisms, firmly bounded, revealing speakers’ essence. Within these assumptions, observers differed according to their disciplinary interests and their differing social relations to the people they observed, as shown by widely varying reports about the languages of peoples in Northwestern Siberia.