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2 results

  • 5 - Conflict Dynamics across Space and Time: Public Opinion in the Korean and Vietnam Wars

  • Scott Sigmund Gartner, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Gary M. Segura
  • Book:
    Costly Calculations
    Published online:
    18 June 2021
    Print publication:
    08 July 2021, pp 128-159

  • Summary

    Looking at the Korean and Vietnam Wars, we evaluate the influence of casualties disaggregated by space/hometowns and time on mass opinion in both the Korean and Vietnam wars and on individual opinion in the Vietnam War. We find a powerful connection between US casualties and public support for a war consistent with our expectations about the importance of casualty trends, the geographic locations of casualty hometowns, and the interaction of these dynamics. Disaggregated casualties are better able to capture variation in mass public and individual wartime opinion than are logged cumulative national casualties – the standard wartime measure employed. We also find that the wartime information-opinion process operates more strongly in the ex ante identifiable early stages of a conflict, and less effectively later in a conflict when casualty expectations (and thus the value of new information) begin to harden. These results strongly support the general notion that casualty patterns act as an observable proxy for our RP/ETC process by capturing information that individuals draw on to generate ETC and formulate wartime positions, improving our ability to understand and predict wartime opinion.

  • Analysis of Ferrous on Ten-Eleven Translocation Activity and Epigenetic Modifications of Early Mouse Embryos by Fluorescence Microscopy

  • Ming-Hui Zhao, Shuang Liang, Jing Guo, Jeong-Woo Choi, Nam-Hyung Kim, Wen-Fa Lu, Xiang-Shun Cui
  • Journal:
    Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 22 / Issue 2 / April 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    07 February 2016, pp. 342-348
    Print publication:
    April 2016

  • Iron is an essential trace element that plays important roles in the cellular function of all organs and systems. However, the function of Fe(II) in mammalian embryo development is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Fe(II) during preimplantation embryo development. Depletion of Fe(II) using thiosemicarbazone-24 (TSC24), a specific Fe(II) chelator, rescued quenching of the Fe(II)-sensitive fluorophore phen green-SK. After in vitro fertilization, TSC24 significantly reduced the cleavage rate as well as blastocyst formation. The hatch rate of blastocysts was also reduced with 1 pM TSC24 treatment (20.25±1.86 versus 42.28±12.96%, p<0.05). Blastocysts were cultured in leukemia inhibitory factor-free mouse embryonic stem cell culture medium with or without TSC24, and those with depleted Fe(II) displayed delayed attachment and lost the ability to induce embryoid body formation. To further explore the mechanism of Fe(II) in embryo development, we assessed the expression of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and OCT4 in the pronuclear and blastocyst stages, respectively. We observed that Fe(II) reduced 5hmC and OCT4 expression, which could be explained by low ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme activity induced by TSC24 treatment. These findings demonstrate that Fe(II) is required for mammalian embryo development and that it facilitates the process via regulation of TET activity.