State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — Navigable waterways — Whether riparian States have obligation towards users to keep the River Scheldt free from obstacles — Treaty of London, 1839 — Separation of territories of Belgium and the Netherlands — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Lakes and Land-locked Seas — Shoreline of lake as boundary between States — Artificial expansion of shore Whether alluvions belong to territory of riparian State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Water boundaries — Boundary between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic — Shoreline of lake as boundary — Artificial expansion of shore — Whether alluvions belong to territory of riparian State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Doctrine of act of State — Whether applicable in case of claim of aboriginal title — The law of Canada

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Conquest and annexation — Loss of territorial sovereignty — Title — Mode of acquiring title and territorial sovereignty — Legislation — Effect and evidentiary value of — Whether Proclamation and Ordinances of foreign State enough to extinguish title — Aboriginal title of Indians in Canada — Whether and how extinguished by Crown — Use of maps in territorial disputes — Jurisdiction of Canadian courts to declare claim of title against Crown — The law of Canada

Jurisdictio — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Declared fishing zone — Whether required to be marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by coastal State — Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Base lines — Base lines of declared fishing zone — Whether required to be marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by coastal State — Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958, Article 3 — Base lines in the absence of a chart — Sea and Submerged Lands Act 1973 — The law of Australia

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Ministerial decree in conflict with provisions of prior enacted international treaty — Whether decree binding on municipal courts — Article 66 of Dutch Constitution — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Restrictions in the interests of general security — Reasonableness test — Act of Mannheim, 1868, Article 1 — Re-routing of inland shipping for benefit of seagoing traffic — Whether ministerial decree which violates prior international treaty may be applied by the municipal courts — Article 66 of the Dutch Constitution — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Dispute over ownership of lands covered by straits surrounding Vancouver Island — Boundaries of Colony of British Columbia — Imperial Act of 1866 on Union of Colony of Vancouver Island with Colony of British Columbia — Whether term 'territories' referred to lands only — The law of Canada

State territory — Parts of — Straits — Dispute over ownership of lands covered by straits surrounding Vancouver Island — Whether property of Queen in right of Province of British Columbia — Boundaries of Colony of British Columbia — Imperial Act of 1866 on Union of Colony of Vancouver Island with Colony of British Columbia — Whether term ‘territories’ referred to lands only — Whether waters of straits internal waters — In Re Offshore Mineral Rights — The law of Canada

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — Functions and competence of international commissions on international rivers — Capacity of International Commission to sue and be sued — Relevance of powers and functions of the Commission — International Joint Commission on St Lawrence River — Canada-United States International Boundary Waters Treaty, 1909 — International Boundary Waters Treaty Act — The law of Canada

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Offences contrary to Drugs law — Committed on board foreign registered ship — Territorial waters analagous to land — Resident Magistrates law — Territorial Sea Act 1971 Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — The law of Jamaica

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Innocent passage — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Article 19 — Recognition of the right of innocent passage — Qualification thereto — Liberal construction of qualifications — The law of Jamaica

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Criminal law — Summary offences committed within a State's territorial waters — Sovereign legislative power — Whether absolute — Right of innocent passage — Qualifications thereof — Conviction of foreign nationals for offences committed on board a foreign registered ship — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Article 19 — The law of Jamaica

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action or inaction — Barrage over international river formed by striking watermen — Failure of municipal authorities to remove — Whether State liable to foreign shipping companies suffering loss — Principle of equality before public authorities — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Limits — Public policy — Barrage over river established by striking watermen — Failure of municipal authorities to remove — Whether State liable to foreign shipping companies suffering loss — Principle of equality before public authorities — Convention of Luxembourg on Canalization of Moselle, 1956 — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — Multi-national rivers — Navigation — Collision in Ems Estuary — Claim of Dutch State for costs of removing wreck — Jurisdiction of Dutch courts — EEC Convention on Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, 1968, Article 5(3) — Territorial status of Ems Estuary — Whether collision to be deemed to have occurred in Dutch territory — Ems-Dollard Treaty, 1960, Article 32 — The law of the Netherlands

States as intemational persons — In general — Extinction of States — Effect on nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — Succession of governments — In general — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — In general — Effects of changes of sovereignty — On nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general Claim for unjust enrichment — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Conditions for acquisition of nationality — Whether governed by international law or a matter for State discretion — Changes in sovereignty over State territory — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany Seep. 435 (Russian Nobleman Nationality Case).

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether has retroactive effect on rights acquired under old personal status — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Presumed intention of the parties — Policy considerations — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of the occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of Nationality — Emigration — Whether automatically results in loss of nationality — Conditions for acquisition and loss of nationality — Whether governed by international law or State discretion — Succession of governments — Russian Revolution, 1917 — Effect on nationality — Changes in sovereignty over State territory and extinction of States — Effect on nationality — Russian citizen abroad — Whether affected by Soviet decree abolishing nobility — Personal and territorial jurisdiction — Definition — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether having retroactive effect on acquired rights — Wartime occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — Principle of good faith Applicability to measures enacted during occupation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Violation of territorial sovereignty — Clandestine operations conducted by agents of one State upon territory of another — Compensation

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Violation of Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations — Ship sunk and crewman killed by agents of one State in the territory of another — Responsibility of State whose agents carried out the attack

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of claims — Ship sunk and crewman killed by agents of one State in territory of another — Right of State in which sinking occurred to claim — Deceased possessing nationality of third State — Ship flying flag of third State — Ship owned by nationals of third State

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — Infringement of territorial sovereignty — Whether ground for award of damages — Whether State whose territory violated entitled to damages for violation as well as for material loss

Disputes — Miscellaneous — Reference of dispute between States to Secretary-General of the United Nations — Binding quality of ruling — Procedure

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action — Infringement of territory of State carried out by agents of foreign State — Clandestine operations in territory of other State — Sinking ship by placing explosives — Violation of territorial sovereignty — Violation of Charter of the United Nations — International responsibility

Claims — Damages — Whether State entitled to damages for infringement of territorial sovereignty as well as for material loss — Nationality of claims — State in whose territory attack occurred not entitled to claim for death of foreign national or damage to foreign ship — Whether entitled to take interest in settlement of such claims in context of overall settlement of inter-State claims

Criminal responsibility of individual State agents — Whether guilty of terrorist acts — Plea of superior orders — Principles in imposing prison sentences — Release as part of overall settlement — The law of New Zealand

Disputes — Miscellaneous methods of settlement — Reference to United Nations Secretary-General — Binding force of ruling — Procedure

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Establishment of new rule of customary international law — Generalized State practice — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — The law of France

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Establishment of new rule — Generalized State practice — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether new customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Coasting trade and fisheries — Establishment of 200-mile “economic zones” beyond coastline — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within such zones beyond 12-mile limit — London Convention, 1964 — France Spain General Fisheries Agreement, 1967 — Mutual fishing rights in “reserved zone” between 6 and 12 miles off coast of contracting partie — Whether economic zones to be regarded as extension of reserved zone under Convention — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Establishment of 200-mile “economic zones” beyond coastline — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within such zones beyond 12-mile limit — EEC fisheries licensing system — Community Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Whether binding on third States and their national — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect of treaties on third parties — EEC Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Licensing system for fisheries — Whether binding on third States and their nationals — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Clear text — Presumed intention of the parties — Whether interpretation of treaties a matter for municipal courts — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Establishment of 200-mile "economic zones" beyond coastline — Generalized State practice — Whether reflecting new rule of customary international law — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether new customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within economic zones beyond 12-mile limit — London Fisheries Convention, 1964 — France-Spain General Fisheries Agreement, 1967 — Mutual fishing rights in "reserved zone" between 6 and 12 miles off coasts of contracting parties — Whether economic zones to be regarded as extension of reserved zone under Convention — Interpretation of treaties — Clear text — Presumed intention of the parties — Whether interpretation a matter for municipal courts — Jurisdiction over fisheries — EEC licensing system — Community Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Whether binding on third States and their nationals — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Right to arrest seagoing ships within territorial waters — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Administration of Justice Act 1956 — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Municipal legislation giving effect to Convention without reference to it — Whether ambiguities in municipal legislation to be resolved by reference to Convention — Administration of Justice Act 1956 — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Convention Relating to the Arrest of Seagoing Ships, 1952 — Municipal legislation giving effect to Convention without reference to it — Whether ambiguities in municipal legislation to be resolved by reference to Convention — Administration of Justice Act 1956 — The law of England

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — Functions and competence of international commissions on international rivers — Rhine Police Regulations — Scope of territorial applicability — Revised Act concerning Navigation of the Rhine (Act of Mannheim), 1868–1922, Articles 1 and 32 — Whether distinction between “the Rhine” and “the Rhine and its estuaries” — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to strike — Limits — Legality of order prohibiting lock operators on international waterway from exercising right to strike — Public policy — Whether such prohibition required by Convention of Luxembourg on Canalization of Moselle, 1956 — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Limits — Legality of order prohibiting lock operators from taking strike action — Convention of Luxembourg on Canalization of Moselle, 1956 — Whether requiring signatory States to prohibit strike action by such employees — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — Freedom of Navigation — Definition — Whether applies to movement of ships from shipyards — Revised Act concerning navigation of the Rhine (Act of Mannheim), 1868–1922, Articles 1 and 30 — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — In general — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Conquest and annexation — Acquisition of Australia in 1780-1788 — Terra nullius — Whether occupation or conquest — Rights of aboriginal people in land under international law — The law of Australia

State territory — In general — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Occupation — Discovery — Acquisition of Australia in 1770–1788 — Terra nullius — Whether occupation or conquest — Validity and legal effects — Act of State — Whether aboriginal people had rights in land under international or Australian law — Procedure — The law of Australia

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Establishment of territorial zone beyond three-mile limit by unilateral declaration — Whether contrary to freedom of the sea — Whether compatible with current international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Rights of coastal State in contiguous zone — Whether such zone remains part of the high sea — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Continental shelf — Rights of coastal State over continental shelf — Whether affect status of superjacent waters as high sea — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 195 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general-Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — War crimes — Dutch Decree establishing Extraordinary Penal Provisions 1943-71 — Dutch Penal Code — Whether nationality of accused at time of commission of offences decisive — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — High Seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Contiguous zone adjacent to territorial waters — Whether part of the high seas — Unilateral declarations of States extending their territorial sea beyond three-mile limit — Whether contrary to freedom of the sea — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Superjacent waters above continental shelf — Whether part of the high seas — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on the high seas — For enforcement of hovering, revenue and other municipal laws — Jurisdiction of State of domicile over persons employed on board ship on high seas — Competence to levy taxation on income earned in such employment — Whether such income deemed to have been earned in flag State — Fiction of ship as floating part of territory of flag State — Whether acceptable — Whether applicable inside foreign territorial waters — Federal Republic of Germany-Liberia Double Taxation Agreement, 1970 — Vessel permanently stationed off coastline outside territorial waters — Whether subject to jurisdiction of coastal State — Rights of coastal State in contiguous zone — Whether such zone remains part of the high seas — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Breadth of territorial waters — Establishment of territorial zone beyond three-mile limit by unilateral declaration of coastal State — Whether contrary to freedom of the sea — Whether compatible with current international law — Rights of coastal State over continental shelf — Whether affect status of superjacent waters as high seas — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Incorporation of international convention into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — The law of Switzerland

State territory — Parts of — Rivers — International rivers — The principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Grand Duchy of Baden — Switzerland Convention on Rhine Navigation, 1879 — Convention of Mannheim on Rhine Navigation, 1868 — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Incorporation of international conventions into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Objectives of treaty as defined in preamble — Travaux preparatoires — Subsequent practice of political and administrative authorities in Contracting State — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Clear text — Ordinary meaning — Intention of the parties — Travaux préparatoires — Extensive interpretation — Context — Objectives of treaty — Preamble — Principle of effectiveness — Principle of good faith — Subsequent practice of political and administrative authorities in Contracting State — Incorporation of treaties into municipal law — Whether enabling legislation required — Conflict between treaty and subsequently enacted municipal law — Presumption that legislator intends to avoid conflict with international law — Principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers — Grand Duchy of Baden-Switzerland Convention on Rhine Navigation, 1879 — Convention of Mannheim on Rhine Navigation, 1868 — The law of Switzerland