This chapter briefly describes the scope and aims of the book and the history of quantum optics as a science in its own right.

Chapter 3 describes how the Constitution created a system for control of factions. But when those factions more and more polarized around the issue of slavery, the Northern and Western national majority was unable to rule and eventually had suppress the Southern minority in the Civil War. In recent decades, much Black migration out of the South and some White migration into the Republican Party have again polarized voter sentiment into red and blue states, or two tribes. This gridlock in the national government has again created a national majority which cannot rule (see the Senate cloture procedure), in which case a new political crisis plagues the country.

This chapter outlines and discusses different approaches to social ontology and locates Heidegger within a range of contemporary debates. I first discuss various accounts of the scope and method of social ontology by suggesting that social ontology has a restricted scope if it takes the social world to be a distinct domain among others and that, in contrast, has an unrestricted scope if it takes sociality to be an irreducible dimension of what there is. Discussing his general conception of fundamental ontology as well as the development of his early work, I then show that Heidegger’s social ontology is non-reductive and has an unrestricted scope. I then qualify this claim by arguing that Heidegger’s social ontological method can rightly be called transcendental in the sense that he argues that the irreducible social dimension of what there is depends not on empirical social formations but on transcendental relations to others.

Chapter 6 covers some of the fundamental building blocks of a licensing agreement, namely the license grant and scope (Spindelfabrik v. Schubert & Salzer): how are licensed rights identified -- by enumeration or through portfolio definitions? How are corporate affiliates treated by the licensor and the licensee? What is know-how licensing? How to deal with licenses of future rights? How should the licensed territory be defined? How can the field of use be limited? How do have-made and “foundry” rights work (Cyrix v. Intel)? How do technological changes affect the field of use (Boosey & Hawkes v. DIsney)? How should sublicensing be addressed (Rhone-Poulenc v. DeKalb)?

Difficult times are when leaders need to rise up. There is no more important or impactful time for you to demonstrate your character and mettle, no time your group needs you more. Leaders cannot shrink from this responsibility, or they should be replaced. It does not take tremendous intelligence to strive in a crisis, but it does require character, fortitude, and courage. This chapter outlines some principles that may be of use in the event of a crisis. It begins with understanding the scope of the problem and how it will affect your group. It goes into how to stay ahead of the curve, predicting the potential outcomes and implications of the crisis before they occur. It talks about the importance of clear, concise, and effective communication to your group. It goes into the importance of aligning your actions with not only your group but the groups above you, such as the hospital and medical school. It covers the concepts of surveying your constituents, learning from them, and adapting your responses based on their needs. We talk about the importance of addressing mental health issues that develop in response to a crisis, not only for your group but also for yourself. It concludes with how to come out on the other side of the crisis as a strong and functional group.

The concluding Chapter 7 answers the research questions and provides a comparative analysis of unfolding low-carbon transitions in the three focal systems. It also inductively draws conclusions about cross-cutting topics with salient differences and similarities between the three systems, including: the roles of incumbent firms, governance style and politics, users, wider publics and civil society organisations, and exogenous ‘landscape’ developments and shocks. Chapter 7 ends by discussing future low-carbon transitions, articulating policy recommendations, and offering suggestions for future research.

Negation is marked by individual words (such as ‘not’, ‘no’, ‘never’) in a variety of functions (including adjunct, determiner, and head of VP) or by affixes within a word (the suffix ‘·n’t’ or prefixes like ‘un·’ or ‘non·’). Very often there is an effect on the whole clause, and negation is usefully divided into clausal and subclausal negation. There are a number of syntactic tests for clausal negation, including the ‘not even’ test and confirmation tags. Within clausal negation a further distinction exists between verb and non-verb negation.

The grammatical system in which positive and negative contrast is called polarity, and it can be absolute (e.g., ‘no’ & ‘never’) – or approximate (e.g., ‘few’ & ‘rarely’). A number of words or larger expressions have the property of being polarity-sensitive, in the sense that they occur readily in clauses of one polarity but not of the other. Some of these occur equally well in negative and interrogative clauses. We call these non-affirmative items.

The scope of negation is the part of the sentence that the negative applies to semantically.

This chapter elaborates on the relationship between digital services and the GATS. First, the characteristics of the GATS are explained, including the recognised four modes to supply services, the specific commitments WTO Members have included in their Services Schedules and how this impacts the Members’ obligations under this agreement. Digital services are not explicitly referred to in the GATS, but through an analysis of the scope of the GATS, this chapter explains why measures that affect digital services trade are covered by the GATS. Moreover, electronic delivery of services fits within the four modes of supply as recognised within the GATS. The chapter also elaborates on the principle of technological neutrality and how it applies to the GATS. Finally, the chapter discusses the work that has been undertaken by WTO Members in the context of the Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, which was established in 1998. The lack of substantive progress in the context of this Work Programme illustrates the divergent positions of WTO Members on digital issues.

This chapter is concerned with what we know about the status and the history of discourse markers. The chapter provides a detailed discussion of the various hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the rise of discourse markers. It is argued that none of those hypotheses is entirely satisfactory, pointing out a number of shortcomings characterizing such earlier approaches. The conclusion reached in the chapter is that discourse markers exhibit a catalog of grammatical properties that are hard to explain on the basis of those approaches.

An arbitration agreement is an agreement between parties to a legal relationship to submit an existing or any future disputes to arbitration. It follows that an agreement of the parties to arbitrate is the cornerstone of arbitration, as it contains the consent of the parties to submit their dispute to arbitration. There are two basic types of arbitration agreements. The first one is a submission agreement, which consists in an agreement to submit an existing dispute to arbitration. The second is an arbitration clause, which consists in an agreement to submit a future dispute to arbitration.1

Since antiquity, arbitration has been well known in the Italian peninsula.1 Basic rules of arbitration are today spelled out in the Italian civil procedure code (hereinafter CCP). The code was enacted in 1940, but has, since then, undergone radical changes, including a comprehensive reform in 2006.2 Despite the fact that current rules are largely in line with those of other countries and with international legal standards, Italy is generally perceived, by insiders and outsiders alike, as a nonfriendly arbitration country.3

This book provides a forum for discussion of current issues and debates in international arbitration, covering the independence and impartiality of arbitrators; how conflicting interests may affect the conduct of arbitrators; the enforcement of arbitral awards, principally under grounds of procedural irregularity; how to resolve issues of misconduct by arbitrators during proceedings; and the current judicial interpretation of arbitration clauses. In England, the key legislation which governs these issues is contained in the Arbitration Act 1996 (the Arbitration Act). Also influential in shaping these issues are the procedural rules of specific arbitral institutions, and the guidance published by organisations such as the International Bar Association (the IBA).

What can explain the rapid rise of Islamic politics in Turkey, a historically secular country? Many observers assume that the success and sustained popularity of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) reflects a religious resurgence in Turkey. But when this presumption is directly tested, evidence indicates that Turkish piety may actually be declining over time. This highlights the importance of statistical tests,leveraging variation across individuals, space, or time: they have the potential to overturn widely held assumptions and reopen key questions about the world around us. In finding no evidence of a religious resurgence in Turkey,an alternative explanation is needed. I introduce my trust-based theory of Islamic mobilization, explaining how references to Islam prime feelings of trust among those with a salient religious group identity, and how this group-based trust operates as an effective substitute for more generalized feelings of interpersonal trust, which are largely absent in Turkey and in many other Muslim countries. I contrast my trust-based theory with existing theories of Islamic-based politics and economics and preview the findings of the book, wherein I dismiss the existing explanations and offer support for mine.

Empty phrases and the need for having definite criteria to generate a rule of decision. Unhelpfulness of the word abuse. Arbitrariness created by elevating unnecessary abstractions to the status of fundamental principles.