This chapter elucidates the ways that biliousness, a new fashionable somatic disease of bile, developed out of, and was differentiated from, the older fashionable nervous disease of hypochondria or ‘Hypo’ in the long eighteenth century. Biliousness became not only fashionable in the late eighteenth century but also a mania in the Regency period. Tracing the rise and progress of biliousness, the chapter points to a crucial role played by colonial medicine of the peripheral Indies in forming fashionable bilious identities among people of the metropolitan centre, as well as a critical role that John Abernethy, a fashionable doctor of Regency London, took in making biliousness a mania of the time; his immensely popular writing ‘My Book’ attracted city dwellers, or ‘deskers’, whose livers were affected by mental anxiety. The chapter also argues that literature participated in forming a new type of invalid, the bilious sufferer in the culture of bile or biliousness. Drawing on the literary texts of silver-fork novelists Jane Austen and Thomas De Quincey, this chapter explores the emergence of the medico-literary culture of bile in the last decades of the long eighteenth century, which marks a crucial link between the eighteenth-century malady of ‘Hypo’ and the Victorian malady of dyspepsia.

The conclusion to this book reflects on how compression and concision may have been fundamental to Austen’s drafting process, especially as revealed in the manuscript to her unfinished novel, Sanditon, written in the year of her death. By the time that Austen was writing Emma, at least, she was drafting strikingly elliptical prose, as in the strawberry-picking episode at Donwell Abbey. The often similarly fragmented sentences of Sanditon are not jottings or shorthand to be expanded later, as they were once thought to be. Rather, Austen’s manuscripts suggest that she channelled the contingencies of the drafting process into some of her most forward-reaching stylistic developments, as she sought to capture the spontaneity of the human voice.