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8 results

Properties in Ancient Metaphysics

Properties in Ancient Metaphysics
  • Anna Marmodoro
  • Published online:
    29 November 2023
    Print publication:
    21 December 2023
  • This Element provides an overview of how the ancient thinkers (Anaxagoras, Plato and Aristotle) theorised about properties; such overview puts in relief the inquiries, problems and solutions they were pursuing while engaged in dialogue with each other. It examines alternative philosophical perspectives existing in antiquity concerning the explanation of property qualification, qualitative similarity, compositeness, and oneness. It further argues that although Plato was the first to conceptualise recurring universals, he did not reify them and did not admit them in his ontology; it was Aristotle who did, and developed his metaphysics around them. Aristotle, building on Plato's work, identified the metaphysical phenomenon of the instantiation of properties and developed an account for it. Finally, this Element outlines Aristotle's 'sophisticated' account of the oneness of a substance and argues that it was not hylomorphic.

  • Why Can An Idea Be Like Nothing But Another Idea? A Conceptual Interpretation of Berkeley's Likeness Principle

  • PETER WEST
  • Journal:
    Journal of the American Philosophical Association / Volume 7 / Issue 4 / Winter 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    16 August 2021, pp. 530-548

  • Berkeley's likeness principle is the claim that ‘an idea can be like nothing but an idea’. The likeness principle is intended to undermine representationalism: the view (that Berkeley attributes to thinkers like Descartes and Locke) that all human knowledge is mediated by ideas in the mind that represent material objects. Yet, Berkeley appears to leave the likeness principle unargued for. This has led to several attempts to explain why Berkeley accepts it. In contrast to metaphysical and epistemological interpretations available in the literature, in this essay I defend a conceptual interpretation. I argue that Berkeley accepts the likeness principle on the basis of (1) his commitment to the transparency of ideas and (2) his account of resemblance, which he sets out in his works on vision. Thus, I provide an explanation for Berkeley's reasons for accepting the likeness principle that, appropriately, focuses on his views concerning ideas and likeness.

  • Parent–child resemblance in BMI and obesity status and its correlates in China

  • Lu Ma, Yixin Ding, Xiaozhong Wen, Liwang Gao, Li Zhao, Bo Xue, Yun Wang, Youfa Wang
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 16 / November 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 January 2021, pp. 5400-5413
    • Article
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  • Objective:

    Examine mother–son, mother–daughter, father–son and father–daughter resemblance in weight status, and potential modifying effects of socio-demographic and childcare characteristics.

    Design:

    Cross-sectional study.

    Setting:

    School.

    Participants:

    1973 school-age children and their parents from five mega-cities across China in 2017.

    Results:

    Pearson correlation coefficients (r) for BMI of father–son, father–daughter, mother–son and mother–daughter pairs were 0·16, 0·24, 0·26 and 0·24, respectively, while their weighted kappa coefficients (k) were 0·09, 0·14, 0·04 and 0·15, respectively. Children aged 6–9 years (r ranged from 0·30 to 0·35) had larger BMI correlation with their parents than their counterparts aged 10–14 years or 15–17 years (r ranged from 0·15 to 0·24). Children residing at home (r ranged from 0·17 to 0·27) had greater BMI correlations with their parents than children residing at school/other places. BMI correlation coefficients were significant if children were mainly cared for by their mothers (r ranged from 0·17 to 0·29) but non-significant if they were mainly cared for by others. Only children who ate the same meal as their parents ‘most times’ (r ranged from 0·17 to 0·27) or had dinner with their parents ‘at most times’ (r ranged from 0·21 to 0·27) had significant BMI correlation with their parents. Similarly, children who had dinner with their parents ‘most times’ but not ‘sometimes,’ had significant BMI correlation coefficients.

    Conclusions:

    Parent–child resemblance in weight status was modest and varied by child age, gender, primary caregiver, whether having similar food or dinner with parents in China.

  • Resemblance and clustering of mother’s and father’s psychopathology levels among Chinese parents of schoolchildren with psychiatric disorders

  • Yuan Gao, Yunyong Liu, Ping Wang, Xiaoxia An, Shaohe Xu, Fei Yu, Qian Chen, Yuying Li, Shuangling Wang, Jianda Lv, Guowei Pan, Ping Wang
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 63 / Issue 1 / 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    28 October 2020, e100
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Background

    Few studies have assessed the characteristics of spousal psychopathologies among parents of schoolchildren with and without psychological disorders (PD) in China.

    Methods

    Parental symptoms were measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in 275 mothers and 278 fathers of 298 schoolchildren with PDs diagnosed in a population survey and in 825 mothers and 834 fathers of 894 schoolchildren without PDs as a 1:3 matched comparison group. Spousal GHQ scores were compared. Childhood PD type, presence of childhood comorbidities, and multiple parental and family characteristics were examined as predictors for parental GHQ scores by multiple linear regression analyses.

    Results

    The GHQ scores were significantly higher among mothers and fathers of children with any PD. Maternal GHQ scores were higher than paternal scores and significantly correlated with paternal GHQ scores in both groups. Spousal GHQ, personal PD history, and childhood PD comorbidity were significant independent predictors of both parents’ GHQ scores. There were also significant associations among parental chronic disease, low family income, and paternal and maternal GHQ score, as well as among low maternal education, less common disorder (LCD) prevalence in children and maternal GHQ score. The rate of GHQ score ≥3 for both parents was significantly higher in the study group than the control group (15.1 vs.7.0%).

    Conclusions

    Parents of children with any PD type demonstrate significantly elevated psychopathologies, and psychopathology tends to occur concomitantly and resemble that of the other spouse. Screening and treatment of parental psychiatric symptoms will benefit all family members.

  • 3 - Direct or Indirect Emergence?

  • Zoltán Kövecses, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
  • Book:
    Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory
    Published online:
    02 April 2020
    Print publication:
    23 April 2020, pp 34-49

  • Summary

    Primary metaphors form the foundation of conceptual metaphor theory. They are foundational, in that they are seen as directly emerging from our most basic embodied experiences and, also, in that they constitute complex metaphors. I will ask: Do they really emerge directly or do they emerge through a metonymic stage? There is a debate between scholars who suggest that many metaphors are based on, or derive from, metonymies, versus those who do not see such connection between the two. “Resemblance metaphors” do not seem to have anything to do with metonymy. However, in the case of “correlation metaphors” (on these, see, e.g., Lakoff and Johnson, 1980, 1999; Grady, 1997a, b, 1999), several researchers argue that metaphors arise from, and are not independent of, metonymies.

  • 20 - Adaptations as Communicative Acts

  • from Part III - Figurative Language and Layered Interpretations
  • Edited by Kate Scott, Kingston University, London, Billy Clark, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Robyn Carston, University College London
  • Book:
    Relevance, Pragmatics and Interpretation
    Published online:
    08 July 2019
    Print publication:
    18 July 2019, pp 267-278

  • Summary

    In this chapter, Anne Furlong demonstrates a new application of relevance theory through a discussion of how relevance is achieved when adapting a ‘literary’ work from one communicative medium into another (e.g. from written text into film). She argues that adaptations should be understood as communicative acts in their own right, so as falling under the presumption of optimal relevance like any other ostensive act, and suggests that assumptions about the source texts can form part of the context in which that new communicative act is interpreted.

  • Part III - Figurative Language and Layered Interpretations

  • Edited by Kate Scott, Kingston University, London, Billy Clark, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Robyn Carston, University College London
  • Book:
    Relevance, Pragmatics and Interpretation
    Published online:
    08 July 2019
    Print publication:
    18 July 2019, pp 203-278

  • Summary

    Ingrid Lossius Falkum uses data from young children’s communicative development to argue that metaphor and metonymy rely on different pragmatic mechanisms. Metaphor and metonymy do have certain characteristics in common: they both target individual words or phrases, they both contribute content to the proposition explicitly expressed, and they both lie on a continuum of literal and figurative uses. However, developmental data suggests that early metonymic uses may be the result of a more basic process than metaphorical uses, one in which the child exploits salient associative relations to compensate for gaps in vocabulary.

  • Phenomenal Intentionality and the Problem of Representation

  • WALTER OTT
  • Journal:
    Journal of the American Philosophical Association / Volume 2 / Issue 1 / Spring 2016
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    30 March 2016, pp. 131-145

  • According to the phenomenal intentionality research program, a state's intentional content is fixed by its phenomenal character. Defenders of this view have little to say about just how this grounding is accomplished. I argue that without a robust account of representation, the research program promises too little. Unfortunately, most of the well-developed accounts of representation—asymmetric dependence, teleosemantics, and the like—ground representation in external relations such as causation. Such accounts are inconsistent with the core of the phenomenal intentionality program. I argue that, however counterintuitive it may seem, the best prospect for explaining how phenomenal character represents is an appeal to resemblance.