Weed management is one of the major challenges responsible for growers’ reluctance to switch from conventional to organic vegetable production. Competition from uncontrolled weeds can significantly reduce the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of vegetable crops. A field study was conducted during the summers of 2019 and 2020 at the Quaker Research Farm of Texas Tech University, in Lubbock, TX, to determine physiology, plant growth, yield, soil water depletion pattern, and WUE of pumpkin as affected by five weed control treatments: 1) ammonium nonanoate 5% ai, 2) ammonium nonanoate 6% ai, 3) clove oil + cinnamon oil 4.5% ai, 4) clove oil + cinnamon oil 9% ai, and 5) an untreated control. Each plot received the same herbicide treatment at 20 and 30 d after planting (DAP). The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications of each treatment. Both herbicides resulted in significant weed suppression compared to the untreated control and weed control was 88% to 98% with ammonium nonanoate and 39% to 69% with clove oil + cinnamon oil. Photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, shoot dry biomass, average fruit weight, total fruit yield, and WUE of pumpkin were significantly higher in plants that were treated with ammonium nonanoate compared to the untreated control. All the aforementioned parameters were not significantly different between clove oil + cinnamon oil and the untreated control. Use of higher active ingredient concentration did not improve the performance of either herbicide. Soil water depletion and evapotranspiration were comparable among all the treatments. Based on the results, ammonium nonanoate at its lower concentration could be an option for effective weed control, and for improving fruit yield and WUE of pumpkin.

Two parameters of physiological competence, rate of CO2 fixation and intraspecific competitiveness, were determined for one or more atrazine-resistant isolates of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Measured over a 2-h period under optimal conditions, two of the resistant isolates fixed CO2 at a greater rate than the atrazine-susceptible, wild-type organism. In a mixed culture study, an atrazine-resistant strain was able to grow and compete successfully with the susceptible, wild-type strain for at least 14 days.