The stratigraphic succession exposed in the Karaburun area (southern Black Sea coast, NW Turkey) records multiple changes in depositional and tectonic settings during Cenozoic times. It starts with the Middle–Upper Eocene Soğucak Formation of reef limestone that across a normal fault, omitting the lower part of the Lower Oligocene Ceylan Formation (deep-marine shale unit), abuts the upper part of the Ceylan Formation that is made up of two facies: (1) shallow-marine sandstone and (2) shallow-marine limestone units containing horizons of submarine slumps. Both facies are unconformably overlain by the fluvial Upper Miocene Çukurçeşme Formation. The tectonic record includes: (1) latest Eocene – Early Oligocene NE–SW extension, (2) Early Oligocene NE–SW shortening and (3) Late Miocene NW–NE extension. The earliest normal faults cutting the Soğucak and the lower part of the Ceylan formations are associated with clastic dykes injected into the deep-marine shale. These structures suggest a disruption of the Eocene carbonate platform and are also known in the neighbouring Thrace Basin. The following NE–SW shortening created the NE-vergent Karaburun Thrust that is synchronous with the shallowing and inversion of the Ceylan Basin. Rotation of the stress field is recorded by changes in clastic dyke orientation and their deformation. Compression caused multiple westerly directed submarines slides from uplifts in easterly located regions. This event is not recorded in the Thrace Basin. Finally, the Miocene tectonic activity formed NW- and NE-striking normal faults. The outlined tectonic history includes Early Oligocene extensional and compressional episodes recorded in the southern margin of the Black Sea that had hitherto not been known.

A fossil salamandrid, Carpathotriton matraensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Astaracian (Middle Miocene, MN 7) localities of Mátraszőlős 1 and 2 (Northern Hungary, Nógrád County) is described. Within newts, Carpathotriton is diagnosed by a combination of primitive and derived characters including a premaxillary–frontal contact, a well-developed fronto–squamosal arch, low supraorbital crest and weak sculpture on the frontal surface. Referred material comprises abundant cranial, vertebral and appendicular skeletal elements that exhibit limited morphological variation of mainly allometric nature. The dentary of Carpathotriton is unique in displaying a prominent dental parapet with an extremely short tooth row and a relatively long toothless posterior ramus. The quadrate is provided with an extuberant anterolateral process that may be a homoplasy with some members of the Tylototriton group. Trunk vertebrae of Carpathotriton have extremely high neural spines with some enlargement on their dorsal margin similar to some Recent Eastern Asiatic salamandrids and the Oligocene newt Archaeotriton. The available fossil record suggests that Carpathotriton never extended into the western Paratethys area, but might have had a wider distribution in the central and eastern Paratethys region, surviving up to late Astaracian times (MN 7 + 8). Taphonomic setting of the Mátraszőlős localities indicates that Carpathotriton matraensis was closely associated with aquatic environments.

This study describes bioerosion traces ascribed to either predation or endo- and epibiont activity in twenty assemblages from the Mediterranean region and Paratethys, spanning in age from Eocene to Recent. Statistical analysis of the distribution of bioerosion traces among genera and assemblages revealed that there is higher drilling predation intensity on smaller species. Larger species seem to be primarily affected by non-drilling predators. Greatest variety in types of bioerosion could be related to species’ ecology and body size. Both major categories of bioerosion (etchings and traces of predatory activity) vary considerably among samples. Different genera show significant differences in the frequency of different bioerosion types. Shell size seems a major factor contributing to these differences.

Six species of the sub-family Cyclocypridinae were found in the Upper Miocene of the Turiec Basin, 4 of which are new Cypria isosceles, C. lenticulata, C. polyphema, C. bodergatiae. The differences in arrangement of the zone of the fusion on ventral margin were used to distinguish the species. The genus Cypria is represented in whole area of the Turiec Basin but the species are restricted to the ecologically well determined biotopes. Valve shape is compared with ecological stability of the paleobiotopes.