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2 results

  • Chapter 1 - Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems

  • from Part I - The Autonomic Nervous System: Functional Anatomy and Interoceptive Afferents
  • Wilfrid Jänig, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
  • Book:
    The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
    Published online:
    16 July 2022
    Print publication:
    04 August 2022, pp 9-33

  • Summary

    The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are defined anatomically based on the levels of outflow from the spinal cord and brainstem. The sympathetic system originates from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments and is therefore called the thoracolumbar system. The parasympathetic system originates from the brain stem and sacral spinal cord and is called the craniosacral system. Both systems consist of chains of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, which are synaptically connected in autonomic ganglia. Sympathetic ganglia are situated away from their targets and organized bilaterally in the sympathetic chains and in the prevertebral ganglia. Parasympathetic ganglia are situated close to the target organs. Most autonomic target tissues react under physiological conditions to only one of the autonomic systems. The widely propagated idea of the antagonism between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is misleading. The adrenal medulla is an endocrine gland made up of cells releasing either adrenaline or noradrenaline. Postganglionic neurons of autonomic pathways contain combinations of neuropeptides colocalized with acetylcholine or noradrenaline. The principal organization of the peripheral autonomic nervous system in submammalian vertebrate groups is highly conserved in evolution over about 500 million years.

  • Changes in heart rate variability to emotional information in short- and long-term alcohol abstinent patients

  • C. Claisse, O. Cottencin, L. Ott, G. Berna, T. Danel, J.-L. Nandrino
  • Journal:
    European Psychiatry / Volume 30 / Issue S2 / November 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    15 April 2020, p. S108
    • Article
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  • Introduction

    Severe alcohol use disorders (AUD, DSM5 criteria, 2013) are associated with changes in the dynamics of emotional processes and emotional experience [1]. The aim of the study was to compare emotional information processing in patients with AUD in short-term abstinence (STA, less than 1 month) and in long-term abstinence (LTA, at least 6 months) with control participants (C). We studied the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system with the heart rate variability (HRV) and more particularly high frequencies (HF). This indicator is recognized as a reliable marker of physiological activation in reaction to emotional stimuli and as a good marker of vulnerability to AUD [2].

    Method

    The recording was performed for all participants during presentation of high emotional inducing stimuli presenting human interactions [3]. For each participant HRV was recorded before, during and after induction. Participants were asked to evaluate the intensity and the valence of emotional stimuli. In addition, a clinical and cognitive assessment was performed. We proposed in this study for abstinence in short- and in long-term to combine both behavioral and cognitive measures to this physiological indicator.

    Results

    We observed:

    – significant differences in HF-HRV between LTA and STA groups, controls and STA groups but not between LTA and C groups;

    – significant correlations between craving scores [4] and HF-HRV results in LTA and STA groups.

    Prospect

    The results support the relationship between the ability to process emotional information and the risk of relapse. HF-HRV results indicate specific deficits in regulation in STA group and also recoveries in LTA group. It suggests specific different therapeutic interventions in preventing the risk of relapse or maintenance of addiction.