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6 results

  • Orders and Disorders of Marriage, Church, and Empire in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Armenia

  • Dzovinar Derderian
  • Journal:
    International Journal of Middle East Studies / Volume 56 / Issue 1 / February 2024
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 March 2024, pp. 75-90
    Print publication:
    February 2024
    • Article
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  • The Ottoman state and the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople during the mid-19th-century Tanzimat reform era relied on ethno-confessional and gendered differences, new administrative organization, and coercive institutions like the police to centralize and expand their power. Yet Armenian men and women used those same tools of power to seek justice in ways that created instances of disorder for their families, local community, the church, and the Ottoman state. Attending to the voices and experiences of Armenians through untapped petitions from Erzurum, Mush, and Van, this article highlights the ways in which provincial Armenians interacted with and navigated their diverse ethno-confessional milieus.

  • 1 - The End of the Great War

  • Ari Şekeryan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book:
    The Armenians and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire
    Published online:
    19 January 2023
    Print publication:
    19 January 2023, pp 49-93

  • Summary

    The Armistice of Mudros, signed on 30 October 1918, was perceived as an end to a never-ending nightmare by the Ottoman Armenians. The first chapter focuses on the political efforts of the Ottoman Armenian community leadership in a post-war atmosphere following the Armistice of Mudros. Benefiting from a comprehensive analysis of news items, editorials, and reports published in the Armenian and Ottoman Turkish papers, the chapter reflects the peculiarities of the Armenian political position during the first two years of the Armistice period. This chapter provides an analysis of the pro-independence approach of the Ottoman Armenians.

  • 2 - The Emergence of the Turkish National Movement in Anatolia and the Armenian Community

  • Ari Şekeryan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book:
    The Armenians and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire
    Published online:
    19 January 2023
    Print publication:
    19 January 2023, pp 94-117

  • Summary

    The emergence of the Turkish National movement in 1919 marked the opening of a new chapter in modern Turkish history. Numerous academic studies have analysed the rise of the Turkish National Movement, yet the reactions of the Armenian community have remained an understudied topic. This chapter examines how the Ottoman Armenians perceived the Turkish National Movement in Anatolia by utilising primary sources, including Armenian and Ottoman Turkish papers of the period. In doing so, this chapter provides new insight into the Ottoman Armenian community during the years in which the Turkish National Movement arose and aims to explain the political position of the Ottoman Armenians from 1919 to 1920, thus filling a gap in the recent historiography. This chapter clarifies the features of the political position of the Ottoman Armenians before the French, Greek, and Armenian defeats by the Nationalist forces.

  • 3 - The French Occupation in Cilicia and the Turkish–Armenian War in the Caucasus

  • Ari Şekeryan, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book:
    The Armenians and the Fall of the Ottoman Empire
    Published online:
    19 January 2023
    Print publication:
    19 January 2023, pp 118-175

  • Summary

    The third chapter elaborates on the continuous support of the Ottoman Armenians for the establishment of a United Armenian state. The chapter analyses the meaning of the Turkish-Armenian War in the Caucasus and the French occupation in Cilicia and the aid campaign of the Ottoman Armenians in support of the Armenian military in the Caucasus and the French occupational forces in Cilicia. In doing so, this chapter demonstrate the pro-Entente and pro-Armenian independence political position of the Ottoman Armenians. The chapter further elaborates on the main argument of the book that before the defeat of Armenian forces in the Caucasus and the French forces in Cilicia, the majority of the Ottoman Armenian community demonstrated a pro-Entente approach and supported the establishment of an independent Armenian state.

  • Institutionalized migrant solidarity in the late Ottoman Empire: Armenian homeland associations (1800s–1920s)

  • Yaşar Tolga Cora
  • Journal:
    New Perspectives on Turkey / Volume 63 / November 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    06 July 2020, pp. 55-79
    Print publication:
    November 2020

  • By focusing on the Armenian homeland associations (hayrenakts‘akank‘) established in Istanbul in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this article examines the migrants’ activism and their achievements—facilitated by affective bonds based on shared origins. It outlines the Istanbul-based homeland associations’ development chronologically and discusses their cultural and economic goals in their home regions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The article then focuses on their durability and ability to adapt to the needs of the communities in the series of great political and demographic changes in the late Ottoman Empire from mid-1890s to their reconstruction after the end of World War I. The homeland associations established in the post-genocide period reflect the persistence of local belonging as a basis of solidarity and they fulfilled important functions as information networks and intermediaries between the survivors and the community administration. The article argues that Armenian homeland associations constituted a space in which agency of the migrants and their interaction with broader social and political developments could be observed in the late Ottoman Empire. They were one of the most durable and institutionalized forms of migrant solidarity which render migrants’ agency visible in the historiography of the late Ottoman Empire.

  • Part IV - Rules of Engagement, Laws of War and War Crimes

  • Edited by Jay Winter, Yale University, Connecticut
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of the First World War
    Published online:
    05 December 2013
    Print publication:
    09 January 2014, pp 557-642

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on a study of the murder of the Ottoman Armenians and other Anatolian Christians during the First World War, which incorporates an account of pre-war state-minority relations. Then, it discusses the violent political landscape of a very large part of greater Europe from the Baltic to the Black Sea and the eastern Mediterranean. The most extensive anti-civilian violence occurred in the lands of the older dynastic land empires in the east, south-east and east-central parts of the continent. The removal of the Armenians from eastern Asia Minor mainly took place, and from western Anatolia and the province of Edirne in Thrace, 1915. In eastern Anatolia, men and youngsters were mostly massacred on the spot, with those in the army, mostly already separated into unarmed labour-battalions, also killed. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1918 allowed the relaunch of pan-Turkist schemes and raised the spectre of further Armenian extermination.