In our 2011 paper on Police Science (Weisburd & Neyroud, 2011) we set our belief that a radical reformation of the role of science in policing will be necessary if policing is to become an arena of evidence-based policies. In this revised and updated version of our paper, we reinforce our argument that the advancement of science in policing is essential if police are to retain public support and legitimacy, cope with recessionary budget reductions, and deal with the myriad of problems that encompass modern police responsibilities. We outline a proposal for a new paradigm that changes the relationship between science and policing. This paradigm demands that the police adopt and advance evidence-based policy and that universities become active participants in the everyday world of police practice. But it also calls for a shift in ownership of police science from the universities to police agencies. Such ownership would facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practices and policies in policing and would change the fundamental relationship between research and practice. We add in this paper a new emphasis to our model that focuses attention to moral and ethical elements of research and practice that are an essential part of science in universities and must become a key element of EBP.

There are many expert-identified recommended interventions to improve medication safety: few have been rigorously tested and proven. Adoption of electronic medication processes can and has reduced medication error on the wards and in the OR. More recently, comprehensive patient safety programs have been shown to reduce medication errorsaw well as mortality. Reduction of human error in medicine will require a comprehensive bundle of interventions rather than any single silver bullet.There are many things that most institutions and practitioners could do today: each of these may make only a small difference but the key to substantially improving safety lies in the aggregation of minimal gains. Our patients have a right to expect greater investment into medication safety by health care institutions, and greater engagement with medication safety by the clinicians who care for them. Although their time in the OR is only part of the surgical patient's perioperative journey, it is an important part. Implementation of these recommendations should be a minimum expectation for institutions and anesthesia departments today, and is an excellent foundation from which initiatives to improve medication safety can be extended to the rest of the surgical pathway.

This introductory chapter presents the goal of social justice for children and young people to ensure that children are served and protected within their countries and communities. Despite this important goal, children and young people are often overlooked as critical social justice stakeholders with adults and other country experiences prioritized instead. When social justice issues among young people are addressed, it is often through specific interventions rather than taking a comprehensive approach to social justice for children on a macro level. The chapter discusses the importance of children and young people’s involvement as critical stakeholders in systemic social justice reform. Prior models of social justice are critiqued and a call for a contemporary, global approach to social justice for children and young people is warranted. The chapter introduces the parameters of the volume that follows and how it takes an international approach that includes the presentation of case studies from low- and lower-middle-income countries, as well as upper-middle- and high-income countries as per the World Bank’s 2018–2019 new country classifications.