Between 1904 and 1908 an estimated 80% of the Herero and half of the Nama population, in total some 75,000 men, women and children, lost their lives in German South-West Africa, present-day Namibia. They were killed by German soldiers, died in concentration camps, or perished in the desert after being chased away from their homelands. The genocides were a culmination of years of ruthless and forceful German dispossession of Herero and Nama land and property. This chapter focuses on the racial prejudice and fear of the Other at the root of the Herero and Nama genocides. Since the founding of the protectorate in 1884, Germans aimed to brutally subjugate the Herero and Nama peoples. Notions of racial superiority that attempted to justify taking Indigenous land and acts of violence against the colonized had always been balanced by a fear of anticolonial violence. Even prior to the genocide, this led to ever-greater atrocities, including the genocidal Hoornkrans Massacre (1893) and the incarceration of the Khauas-Khoi in concentration camps (1896). The chapter argues that racism and dehumanization shaped the events taking place before, during and directly after the genocide, which was long forgotten as a mere ‘colonial war’.

After several years of negotiations, twelve Pacific Rim countries signed, in February 2016, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which is one of the highest profile Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) of the last decade. After US withdrawal in January 2017, a revised “Comprehensive and Progressive TPP” was signed by the other eleven negotiating Parties in March 2018. The CPTPP makes no modifications to the original Chapter 2 so the chapter remains in its entirety applicable to relations among the Parties. References in the chapter are to the original TPP unless context requires otherwise. Annex 2-D of the TPP is comprised of hundreds of pages of carefully negotiated tariff commitments that are accompanied by many chapters that seek to regulate measures such as trade remedies, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade, competition policy, state-owned enterprises and electronic commerce. Together, these provisions were part of a complex framework that sought to ensure that the agreed tariff elimination would not be undermined or nullified by other measures. However, the TPP was designed to be more than just a traditional trade deal.