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2 results

  • A review of ultrasound-mediated microbubbles technology for cancer therapy: a vehicle for chemotherapeutic drug delivery

  • Ernest Osei, Aladdin Al-Asady
  • Journal:
    Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice / Volume 19 / Issue 3 / September 2020
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    22 August 2019, pp. 291-298
  • Background:

    The unique behaviour of microbubbles under ultrasound acoustic pressure makes them useful agents for drug and gene delivery. Several studies have demonstrated the potential application of microbubbles as a non-invasive, safe and effective technique for targeted delivery of drugs and genes. The drugs can be incorporated into the microbubbles in several different approaches and then carried to the site of interest where it can be released by destruction of the microbubbles using ultrasound to achieve the required therapeutic effect.

    Methods:

    The objective of this article is to report on a review of the recent advances of ultrasound-mediated microbubbles as a vehicle for delivering drugs and genes and its potential application for the treatment of cancer.

    Conclusion:

    Ultrasound-mediated microbubble technology has the potential to significantly improve chemotherapy drug delivery to treatment sites with minimal side effects. Moreover, the technology can induce temporary and reversible changes in the permeability of cells and vessels, thereby allowing for drug delivery in a spatially localised region which can improve the efficiency of drugs with poor bioavailability due to their poor absorption, rapid metabolism and rapid systemic elimination.

  • The influence of xenon, nitrous oxide and nitrogen on gas bubble expansion during cardiopulmonary bypass

  • H. P. Grocott, Y. Sato, H. M. Homi, B. E. Smith
  • Journal:
    European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 22 / Issue 5 / May 2005
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    11 May 2005, pp. 353-358
    Print publication:
    May 2005

  • Summary

    Background and objective: Xenon may have favourable applications in the setting of cardiac surgery. Its advantages include a desirable haemodynamic profile as well as potential cardiac and neuroprotective properties. However, its low solubility may lead to enhanced diffusion into enclosed gas spaces. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of xenon (Xe), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrogen (N2) on gas bubble size during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

    Methods: Rats were randomized to receive 70% Xe, 26% oxygen (O2), 4% carbon dioxide (CO2) (xenon group); 70% N2O, 26% O2, 4% CO2 (nitrous oxide group) or 70% N2, 26% O2, 4% CO2 (nitrogen group) during 90 min of normothermic CPB. Small gas bubbles (300–500 μL; n = 12 per group) were injected into a bubble chamber on the venous side of the bypass circuit. After 10 min of equilibration, they were removed for volumetric analysis.

    Results: The increase in bubble size was 2 ± 2% with nitrogen, 17 ± 6% with xenon (P = 0.0192 vs. nitrogen) and 63 ± 23% with nitrous oxide (P = 0.0001 vs. nitrogen). The nitrous oxide group had significantly increased bubble size compared to the xenon group (P = 0.0001).

    Conclusions: During CPB, xenon anaesthesia produced a small increase in gas bubble size compared to nitrogen. Nitrous oxide resulted in significantly larger bubbles compared to both nitrogen and xenon.