This chapter explores the development of shahr āshob and marṡiyah poetry from the Kanpur mosque incident of 1913. It argues that poets built on grief and lament to reclaim power and agency, reinterpreting grief and martyrdom in a Sufi perspective as positive symbols of love and faith, which nourished anti-colonial mobilisations in the 1910s and during the Khilafat movement (1919–1924). Iqbal’s poetry was emblematic in proposing a new positive and hopeful interpretation of grief as he turned ruins into new beginnings.

In 1857, a string of military mutinies soon followed by a series of popular uprisings tore apart the core heartland of colonial India and threatened to unravel the British Raj. Units of the Bengal Army rose up against their British officers and in conjunction with other discontented groups quickly seized key cities and towns. The British were ejected from major centres, and there were genuine fears that the conflagration would spread to other regions of colonial India. The scale of the revolt, and the violence with which it was accompanied, was unprecedented. Moreover, the intense racialization of the conflict and the anxieties it spawned, would shape British military, strategic, and political policy throughout the empire for generations to come. Ultimately, the British were able to restore order, but not without a huge amount of bloodshed, in large part because of a lack of common purpose and organization amongst the rebels. The British benefitted from the fact that the revolts did not spread much beyond the north, leaving much of India tense but quiet. Resources could therefore be more easily pooled and concentrated on the rebels who operated bravely but without direction. Militarily, the revolt was a watershed moment for the British Army and for the British Empire.