The history of sodomy carries a long association with magic, the occult, and alternative forms of knowledge. This connection persists in relation to homosexuality, most obviously in the figure of the fairie (with its associations of enchantment) and with the poetic experience of “magic” or “mystical” forms of alternative knowledge in queer countercultures. This chapter explores the way that two gay San Francisco Bay Area groups — the Beats and the Berkeley Renaissance — took magic, spiritualism, and other forms of alternative knowledge as central to their poetics and authorial practice. Mystical forms of sexuality offer modes of contact at a time when physical intimacy was outlawed and heavily policed in midcentury America. Further, this chapter argues, contemporary poets writing in the wake of these midcentury movements offer new ways to understand how these mystical forms of sexuality constitute institutional critique.

This chapter introduces the Beat movement and traces its origins, its history, and its legacy. The chapter examines the Beats’ most important formal innovations, thematic concerns, historic importance, and cultural influence by focusing especially on the poet at the center of the Beats, Allen Ginsberg and his controversial groundbreaking poem “Howl” and other major works. The chapter also discusses other Beat poets, including Gregory Corso and Diane Di Prima, as well as issues of gender and race in relation to the Beat movement. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the San Francisco Renaissance and focuses especially on one of the most influential poets of that movement, Jack Spicer.