New technologies hold great promises of making crisis response better. These technologies may improve information positions and enable faster communication as well as produce more rapid and targeted responses in crises. As such, technological progress boosts effectiveness and efficiency, while reducing risks to frontline responders. Still, the reality does not always match these great expectations due to technical failures and implementation difficulties as well as persistent social problems that cannot be resolved by new tools or systems. There are often even undesirable side effects. The dilemma for frontline responders revolves around finding the right attitude toward new technologies. Technological progress is a historical inevitability, but new innovations should only be adopted if these match a recognized problem in the response and not just for their own sake. There are guiding principles, based on earlier experiences, that offer useful insights in how to best incorporate modern tools and systems. This requires a prudent approach that considers new technology with a mix of hesitation and curiosity.

Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Global Migrations presents an authoritative overview of the various continuities and changes in migration and globalization from the 1800s to the present day. Despite revolutionary changes in communication technologies, the growing accessibility of long-distance travel, and globalization across major economies, the rise of nation-states empowered immigration regulation and bureaucratic capacities for enforcement that curtailed migration. One major theme worldwide across the post-1800 centuries was the differentiation between “skilled” and “unskilled” workers, often considered through a racialized lens; it emerged as the primary divide between greater rights of immigration and citizenship for the former, and confinement to temporary or unauthorized migrant status for the latter. Through thirty-one chapters, this volume further evaluates the long global history of migration; and it shows that despite the increased disciplinary systems, the primacy of migration remains and continues to shape political, economic, and social landscapes around the world.

This chapter provides a conceptual map of the ways in which ICTs impact state repression. This mapping exercise seeks to identify some initial sites of influence in order to further theorize and empirically evaluate the effects of ICTs on our current understandings of state repression. We begin by outlining a conceptual definition of digital repression informed by the extant literature on state repression. We then derive four constituent components of state repression and trace the impact of ICTs on each of our four components. In conclusion, we discuss how our findings may inform or upend existing theories in the study of state repressive behavior.

The international community is too often focused on responding to the latest cyber attack instead of addressing the reality of pervasive and persistent cyber conflict. From ransomware against the city government of Baltimore to state-sponsored campaigns targeting electrical grids in Ukraine and the United States, we seem to have relatively little bandwidth left over to ask what we can hope for in terms of “peace” on the Internet, and how to get there. It’s also important to identify the long-term implications for such pervasive cyber insecurity across the public and private sectors, and how they can be curtailed. This edited volume analyzes the history and evolution of cyber peace and reviews recent international efforts aimed at promoting it, providing recommendations for students, practitioners, and policymakers seeking an understanding of the complexity of international law and international relations involved in cyber peace. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

This chapter looks at transport innovation in the mining sector between 1990 and 2016. Shipping the mining output is an expensive and in most cases an unavoidable component of the mining process. The importance of transport, in the logistics chain of getting raw materials to final users/consumers, increases over time. This triggers the need to innovate in the transport sector, which leads to making mining locations that were more remote, accessible. This chapter uses patent data to explore transport innovations in mining, both within the mining area and outside, in the form of haulage to destination. It explores all relevant modes of transport for mining sector, namely road, rail, conveyers and maritime. Through patent citation analysis, the chapter shows that most innovation originates from the transport sector and is then adopted into the mining sector.

NetLab’s four East York studies in Toronto have traversed from the Community Question—how have structural shifts in society affected personal networks—to the Network Question—how have information and communication technologies (ICTs) affected the nature of these networks? Where doom-pundits had asserted that community has withered, the first two studies found community flourishing as personal networks rather than as neighborhoods, with different types of network members providing specialized support. Where recent doom-pundits warn that ICTs can weaken community, the third and fourth studies show that ICTs complement in-person contact and help networks to persist near and far. Many East Yorkers are networked individuals, using ICTs to juggle and proliferate relationships in multiple, fragmentary, far-flung networks; while others use ICTs to maintain their presence in a small number of bounded groups.

The consensual, moderate politics that characterized the golden age of democratic capitalism hasgiven way, in the past decades, to growing public dissatisfaction toward political elites,ideological polarization, and the rise of populist parties. This chapter starts by exploring theeconomic foundations of that remarkable political turnaround. It then describes the historicalsequence through which populist movements took advantage of those changes. And it concludesby discussing potential responses to the new economic and political challenges faced byadvanced economies.