Chapter 11 describes the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework, a landmark public health and benefit sharing agreement that was adopted to address many of the concerns raised in the preceding chapters. Under the PIP Framework regime, companies, universities, and others may still access materials from the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System, but many must contribute toward its maintenance and companies especially must promise to provide access to vaccines, medicines, or intellectual property should a pandemic emerge. The authors are representatives of the World Health Organization, and they articulate how the PIP Framework might operate as a lesson for other access and benefit regimes developed under the Nagoya Protocol.

Chapter 2 analyzes how sharing of tissue samples for research and disease surveillance purposes has become urgently important. While it is clear that this is an area of intense, international controversy, there is an absence of data about what researchers themselves and those involved in the transfer of samples think about these issues, particularly in developing countries. This chapter presents results from a survey that was carried out in China, Egypt, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea to explore what researchers and others involved in research, storage and transfer of human tissue samples thought about some of the issues related to sharing of such samples. The results demonstrated broad agreement with the positions taken by developing countries in the current debate, favoring restrictions on the use of samples by researchers in developed countries.