To investigate the associations of organic food consumption with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, hypertension and diabetes in pregnancy, and several blood biomarkers of pregnant women.

Prospective cohort study.

Pregnant women were recruited at midwives’ practices and through channels related to consumption of food from organic origin.

Pregnant women who filled in FFQ and donated a blood sample (n 1339). Participant groups were defined based on the share of consumed organic products; to discriminate between effects of food origin and food patterns, healthy diet indicators were considered in some statistical models.

Consumption of organic food was associated with a more favourable pre-pregnancy BMI and lower prevalence of gestational diabetes. Compared with participants consuming no organic food (reference group), a marker of dairy products intake (pentadecanoic acid) and trans-fatty acids from natural origin (vaccenic and rumenic acids) were higher among participants consuming organic food (organic groups), whereas elaidic acid, a marker of the intake of trans-fatty acids found in industrially hydrogenated fats, was lower. Plasma levels of homocysteine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were lower in the organic groups than in the reference group. Differences in pentadecanoic acid, vaccenic acid and vitamin D retained statistical significance when correcting for indicators of the healthy diet pattern associated with the consumption of organic food.

Consumption of organic food during pregnancy is associated with several health-related characteristics and blood biomarkers. Part of the observed associations is explained by food patterns accompanying the consumption of organic food.

To characterize dietary intake for Navajo adults, to identify foods for a nutritional intervention programme and to develop a culturally appropriate quantitative FFQ (QFFQ) for evaluating the impact of the intervention programme.

A cross-sectional study was conducted using 24 h dietary recalls.

Navajo Nation, USA.

Seventy-nine (forty men, thirty-nine women) aged 18–71 years completed 24 h dietary recalls.

The median daily energy intake was 11 585 kJ (2769 kcal) for men and 8519 kJ (2036 kcal) for women. The greatest contributors to energy were fried potato dishes, sweetened juices/drinks, regular pop, bread, tortillas and burritos (contributing approximately 30 % of total energy intake). The mean number of meat servings was over twice that recommended (2–3 servings recommended v. 7·4 consumed by men and 5·3 by women). The mean servings of vegetables were well below the recommendation of 3–5 servings (1·0 serving for men and 1·2 servings for women). The final QFFQ contains 177 food and drink items.

Our study found that major contributors to total energy, fat and sugar intakes in the Navajo Nation included mostly processed meats and sweetened drinks. A nutritional intervention will target these foods and promote acceptable and healthier alternatives. In addition, we were able to identify foods and beverages for inclusion on a culturally appropriate QFFQ to assess dietary intake. This QFFQ will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of our intervention on food and food group consumption and nutrient intake.

To characterise the diet of First Nations in north-western Ontario, highlightfoods for a lifestyle intervention and develop a quantitative food-frequencyquestionnaire (QFFQ).

Cross-sectional survey using single 24 h dietary recalls.

Eight remote and semi-remote First Nations reserves in north-westernOntario.

129 First Nations (Oji-Cree and Ojibway) men and women aged between 18 and 80years.

The greatest contributors to energy were breads, pasta dishes and chips(contributing over 20 % to total energy intake). ‘Addedfats’ such as butter and margarine added to breads and vegetablesmade up the single largest source of total fat intake (8·4 %).The largest contributors to sugar were sugar itself, soda and othersweetened beverages (contributing over 45 % combined). The mean number ofservings consumed of fruits, vegetables and dairy products were much lowerthan recommended. The mean daily meat intake was more than twice thatrecommended. A 119-item QFFQ was developed including seven bread items, fivesoups or stews, 24 meat- or fish-based dishes, eight rice or pasta dishes,nine fruits and 14 vegetables. Frequency of consumption was assessed byeight categories ranging from ‘Never or less than one time in onemonth’ to ‘two or more times a day’.

We were able to highlight foods for intervention to improve dietary intakebased on the major sources of energy, fat and sugar and the low consumptionof fruit and vegetable items. The QFFQ is being used to evaluate a diet andlifestyle intervention in First Nations in north-western Ontario.

To demonstrate how dietary data collected from 24-hour dietary recalls were incorporated into the development of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) for the Apache in Arizona.

A cross-sectional study was first conducted using 24-hour dietary recalls to identify foods for inclusion on a QFFQ that would be used to evaluate a nutrition intervention.

The White Mountain and San Carlos Apache reservations in East-central Arizona.

The 24-hour dietary recalls were collected from a random sample of 53 adults (34 women and 19 men).

A QFFQ was developed that included all foods reported by two or more respondents, plus traditional and seasonal foods. Portion size was assessed using familiar household units and culturally appropriate food models. The final instrument contains 155 foods. Frequency of consumption is assessed using eight categories ranking from ‘never or less than once a month’ to ‘2 or more times a day’. Nutrient intakes and the five major food sources of energy, fat and sugar are presented.

The QFFQ developed is complete and up-to-date for assessing usual food and nutrient intake for the Apache in Arizona. The instrument will be used to evaluate a food store-based nutrition intervention to reduce risk of chronic diseases.

To develop a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) for the Barbados National Cancer Study (BNCS) that will permit examination of associations of diet with breast and prostate cancer.

Population intake data from the year 2000 Barbados Food Consumption and Anthropometric Surveys (BFCAS 2000) were used to derive a list of foods consumed by the population. A 192-item draft QFFQ was developed from this list.

Barbados, West Indies provides an ideal environment to understand cancer risk in African-origin populations, with high relevance to African-Americans. The BNCS is a population-based case–control study examining risk factors for breast and prostate cancer in such populations.

A total of 1600 persons, 18 years and older, completed a 24-hour recall in the BFCAS 2000. Fifty of 63 randomly selected residents (79% response rate) gave additional updated information on foods consumed.

The 50 participants provided a one-time 24-hour recall and completed the draft QFFQ. The final instrument contains 148 items: breads, cakes, cereals = 17; rice, pastas, noodles = 8; dairy = 10; meat, fish, poultry = 42; fruit = 16; vegetables = 26; soft drinks = 14; alcoholic beverages = 5; others = 10. Additional questions include supplement use and food preparation methods such as grilling.

The final instrument is concise, complete and the most up-to-date for assessing the food and nutrient intake of African-origin Barbadians and the associations with breast and prostate cancer.