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4 results

  • 3 - Choosing a Research Question

  • Melissa Bateson, Newcastle University, Paul Martin
  • Book:
    Measuring Behaviour
    Published online:
    07 May 2021
    Print publication:
    06 May 2021, pp 29-40

  • Summary

    Identifying a good research question is a vital first step in any behavioural study because the question will focus the rest of the research cycle. Four logically distinct types of question can be asked about any behaviour. These concern its mechanisms, its development (or ontogeny), its function and its evolution (or phylogeny). The mechanisms underlying behaviour can be studied at many different levels, ranging from the social or physical environmental conditions that influence the behaviour down to the neural networks responsible for behavioural output. The nature of the research question will influence decisions about what species to study. Research questions are developed through a combination of approaches, including reading the literature, preliminary observations and exploratory data analysis. A research question leads to a set of hypotheses that need not be mutually exclusive but should all be testable. Each hypothesis should generate one or more specific predictions.

  • The benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven bilingualism research

  • Daniela Mertzen, Sol Lago, Shravan Vasishth
  • Journal:
    Bilingualism: Language and Cognition / Volume 24 / Issue 5 / November 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    29 March 2021, pp. 807-812
    • Article
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  • Preregistration is an open science practice that requires the specification of research hypotheses and analysis plans before the data are inspected. Here, we discuss the benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven, confirmatory bilingualism research. Using examples from psycholinguistics and bilingualism, we illustrate how non-peer reviewed preregistrations can serve to implement a clean distinction between hypothesis testing and data exploration. This distinction helps researchers avoid casting post-hoc hypotheses and analyses as confirmatory ones. We argue that, in keeping with current best practices in the experimental sciences, preregistration, along with sharing data and code, should be an integral part of hypothesis-driven bilingualism research.

  • Dietary patterns generated by the Treelet Transform and risk of stroke: a Danish cohort study

  • Signe B Frederiksen, Heidi H Themsen, Kim Overvad, Christina C Dahm
  • Journal:
    Public Health Nutrition / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / January 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    24 October 2020, pp. 84-94
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  • Objective:

    To relate empirically derived dietary patterns identified using the Treelet Transform (TT) to risk of stroke.

    Design:

    A prospective cohort study using the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. Dietary information was obtained in 1993–1997 using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Incident stroke diagnoses, obtained from the Danish National Patient Register, were verified by record review. Dietary patterns were generated using TT, and participants were categorised into quintiles based on their adherence to each pattern. Sex-specific Cox proportional hazard models estimated associations between dietary patterns and stroke.

    Setting:

    Denmark.

    Participants:

    55 061 men and women aged 50–64 years at the time of enrolment.

    Results:

    Three dietary patterns explaining 15·4 % of the total variance were identified: a Prudent pattern, a Western pattern and a Wine & Snacks pattern. During a follow-up time of 10 years, 1513 cases occurred. Comparing the highest to lowest quintiles of intake, adherence to a Prudent pattern was inversely associated with stroke (HRmen 0·74, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·91; HRwomen 0·82, 95 % CI 0·62, 1·08), while adherence to a Western pattern was associated with greater risk (HRmen 1·61, 95 % CI 1·23, 2·10; HRwomen 2·01, 95 % CI 1·48, 2·72). No association was found for a Wine & Snacks pattern for women, but a weak inverse association was found for men (HR 0·81, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·99).

    Conclusions:

    The results of this study are broadly in line with current recommendations for a healthy diet to prevent stroke.