International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955 between Iran and the United States of America (“1955 Treaty”) — Article XXI of the 1955 Treaty — Jurisdiction ratione materiae — Whether real issue in dispute concerning the 1955 Treaty — Whether Iran’s claims actually concerning the decision of United States of America to withdraw from the JCPOA — Whether possible for a State’s conduct to breach more than one legal instrument at the same time — Effect of Iran’s invocation of the compromissory clause under the 1955 Treaty on the dispute settlement mechanism of the JCPOA — Whether the 1955 Treaty covering measures relating to trade between Iran and third countries — Interpretation of Articles IV, V, VII, VIII, IX and X of the 1955 Treaty — Territorial scope of certain provisions of the 1955 Treaty — Link between determination of the content of third country measures — Merits of the case

International Court of Justice — Admissibility of Iran’s application — Abuse of process — Exceptional circumstances — Whether exceptional circumstances could justify finding that Iran’s application was an abuse of process — Whether Iran’s application could lead to Iran gaining an illegitimate advantage — Whether a claim based on a valid title of jurisdiction could be an abuse of process

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — Article XX(1)(b) and (d) of the 1955 Treaty — Measures relating to fissionable materials — Essential security interests — Whether objections under Article XX(1)(b) and (d) preliminary in character — Connection between Article XX(1)(b) and (d) and the examination at the merits stage

Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Sanctions imposed by the United States of America against Iran — Territorial extent — Whether capable of affecting rights under the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955, between Iran and the United States of America — Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice — Admissibility of application of Iran

Economics, trade and finance — Free trade agreements — International investment — Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — Multilateral investment tribunal — Investor rights — Whether creation of multilateral investment tribunal a transfer of State sovereignty — Competences of the European Union — Shared competence of indirect foreign investment

International tribunals — Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement Tribunal — Proposed multilateral investment tribunal — Jurisdiction of international tribunal — Jurisdiction of domestic courts — Whether creation of international tribunal ceding jurisdictional competence from domestic courts — Nature of jurisdiction exercised by international tribunals

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Ratification — Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — European Union — Ireland — Irish Constitution — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement having effect in domestic legal order — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement transferring State sovereignty

Treaties — Application — Ratification — Free trade agreements — International investment — Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — Whether creating rights and obligations on level of international law only — Irish Constitution — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 by State in proposed manner unconstitutional — The law of Ireland

States — Legal personality of States under international law — European Union — State not Member of the European Union — Whether possessing legal personality under European Union law — European Union sanctions against Venezuela — Whether Venezuela entitled to challenge sanctions before European Union courts

Comity — International organizations — European Union — Standing before courts of European Union — Third States — Whether third States can challenge economic restrictions before European Union courts — Reciprocity — Whether access to European Union courts by third States conditional on agreement — Whether third States having standing to annul European Union Regulations — Whether third States having access to European Union courts — Whether third States directly affected by a European Union Regulation

Treaties — Interpretation — Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 2007 — Article 263 — Fourth paragraph of Article 263 — Meaning of “legal person” — Whether third State a “legal person” — Rule of law — Whether access to European Union courts can be subjected to condition of reciprocity — Meaning of directly and individually concerned — Whether a third State is directly affected by a regulation

Economics, trade and finance — Restrictive measures — Venezuela — Whether regulation restricting European Union nationals directly concerning third State — Whether access of third States to European Union courts placing European Union at disadvantage — The law of the European Union

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures — Conditions for the indication of provisional measures — Prima facie basis for jurisdiction — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955, between Iran and the United States of America — Whether acts of which Iran complained falling within material scope of the 1955 Treaty — Article XX, 1(c) and 1(d) of the 1955 Treaty — Whether Article XX restricting the Court’s jurisdiction — Plausibility of rights asserted — Whether Article XX making Iran’s asserted rights not plausible — Whether rights invoked by Iran arising under the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action — Defence available to United States of America — Link between measures requested and rights whose protection Iran seeking — Real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice — Evidence of irreparable prejudice — Continuing character of irreparable prejudice — Urgency in the circumstances — Humanitarian concerns — Non-aggravation and non-extension of the dispute — Binding character of provisional measures

Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Sanctions imposed by the United States of America against Iran — Territorial extent — Whether capable of affecting rights under the Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights, 1955, between Iran and the United States of America — Provisional measures jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice

Economics, trade and finance — Food imports — Import of foodstuffs originating from East Jerusalem, West Bank and Golan Heights into the European Union — Labelling of products — Whether products originating from Israeli settlements in the Occupied Territories must be labelled as such — Observance of international law — Whether foodstuffs coming from settlements established in breach of rules of international humanitarian law — Ethical considerations — Purchasing decisions of consumers — Misleading of consumers

Relationship of international law and municipal law — European Union law — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 2007 — EU Customs Code — Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 — Consistent interpretation of EU law — Interpreting Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in manner consistent with international law — Notions of “State”, “territory” and “place of provenance” — Referral of questions by national court to Court of Justice of European Union

Territory — Status — Occupation — Occupied Territories in which State of Israel Occupying Power — East Jerusalem, West Bank and Golan Heights — Rules of international humanitarian law — Israel having limited jurisdiction — Israeli settlements in Occupied Territories — Palestinian people of West Bank enjoying right to self-determination — Golan Heights part of territory of Syrian Arab Republic — Import of foodstuffs into European Union — Labelling of products — Whether products originating from Israeli settlements in Occupied Territories must be labelled as such — Observance of international law — Whether foodstuffs coming from settlements established in breach of rules of international humanitarian law — Ethical considerations — Purchasing decisions of consumers — Misleading of consumers

War and armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949 — Article 49 — Obligation of States not to “deport or transfer part of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies” — Impact on labelling of products originating in Occupied Territories — Status of East Jerusalem, West Bank and Golan Heights as Occupied Territories — Whether products originating from Israeli settlements in the Occupied Territories must be labelled as such — The law of the European Union

Economics, trade and finance — Investment protection — Fair and equitable treatment — Sweden–Romania Bilateral Investment Treaty, 2002 — Article 2(3) — Whether Romania breaching fair and equitable treatment protection under Treaty — Whether Romania breaching investors’ legitimate expectations — Whether Romania acting reasonably with respect to investors’ investment — Whether Romania affording investors adequate levels of transparency — Article 2(4) — Umbrella clause — Whether Romania breaching umbrella clause protection under Treaty

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Investment protection — ICSID Convention, Article 25 — Distinction between objection to jurisdiction and objection to admissibility — Factual findings — Burden of proof — Jurisdiction ratione personae — Jurisdiction ratione materiae — Jurisdiction ratione temporis — Temporal application of bilateral investment treaty — Whether applicable to acts occurring before entry into force if dispute arose after entry into force

Arbitration — Remedies — Standard for bringing a claim for lost profits — Sufficient certainty — Whether investors would have made profits but for the international wrong — Whether trend among investment tribunals to award compound rather than simple interest — Whether a tribunal having power to issue definitive injunctive relief — Res judicata effect

Arbitration — Enforceability of Award — Whether appropriate for Tribunal to base its decisions on matters of EU law applying after Award rendered — ICSID Convention, 1965, Articles 53 and 54

Nationality — Individuals — Claimants renouncing nationality of respondent State and acquiring new nationality — Whether new nationality purely a matter for national law — Whether role for international law — Whether new nationality opposable to State of former nationality — Whether “genuine link” with State of new nationality required — Standing to being investment claim under bilateral investment treaty

Treaties — Interpretation — Sweden–Romania Bilateral Investment Treaty, 2002 — Treaties established under European Union law to which Romania and Sweden parties — Whether conflict of treaties — Whether EU law having role in interpretation of BIT — Whether EU law applying after Award rendered relevant to Tribunal’s decision making — ICSID Convention, 1965, Articles 53 and 54

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Exceptions — Acta jure gestionis — Acta jure imperii — Once a trader always a trader — State of emergency — Law-making — Legislature regulating legal relations initially established by acta jure gestionis qualifying as acta jure imperii

Economics, trade and finance — European Monetary Union — Hellenic Republic — Public debt — Bonds — Greek sovereign debt crisis — Sovereign debt restructuring — Collective Action Clauses — Secondary market — Bond exchange — Financial stability

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany — General principle of international law — Article 25 of German Basic Law — Right to a lawful judge — The law of Germany

Economics, trade and finance — World Trade Organization — Obligations of Russian Federation in relation to its accession to World Trade Organization — Obligation to amend system of non-contractual collective management of copyright and related rights — Russian law — Article 1244(3) of Civil Code of Russian Federation — Whether Constitutional Court may examine compliance of provisions of federal law with provisions of international law — Whether Constitutional Court may decide the question of implementation of obligations under international law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Russian Federation acceding to World Trade Organization — Obligations of Russian Federation — Constitution of Russian Federation — Article 15(4) of Constitution — International law forming part of Russian legal system — Provision of international agreement prevailing in case of inconsistency with domestic provision — Civil Code of Russian Federation — Article 1244(3) of Civil Code not amended in accordance with international obligation — Constitutionality of Article 1244(3) of Civil Code — Applicant court requesting Constitutional Court to review whether Article 1244(3) of Civil Code complying with Article 15(4) of Constitution — Whether international obligation directly applicable — Mode of implementation — Whether Constitutional Court having competence to decide — The law of the Russian Federation

Economics, trade and finance — European Monetary Union — Fiscal sovereignty — Public debt — Monetary policy — Economic policy — European Union — Asset purchase programme — Quantitative easing — Central banks — European Central Bank — European System of Central Banks — Bundesbank

Treaties — Treaty-making powers — Constitutional limitations on treaty-making powers — Transfers of powers by States to intergovernmental and other transnational authorities — Whether compatible with constitutional prerogatives of national parliament — Overall budgetary responsibility — Basic Law of Germany

International organizations — European Union — Powers — Member States as masters of the treaties — Principle of conferral — Whether Union having competence to determine or extend its own powers — Principle of subsidiarity — Court of Justice of the European Union

Relationship of international law and municipal law — European Union law — Interpretation — Application — Judgment of Court of Justice of the European Union — Weiss — Principle of proportionality — Whether application of EU law having absolute primacy — Whether German Federal Constitutional Court having absolute duty to follow judgment of Court of Justice of the European Union — Compatibility with Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany — Openness of German Basic Law to European integration — Whether purchase programme ultra vires — Whether ultra vires acts applicable in Germany — Whether having binding effect in relation to German constitutional organs

Jurisdiction — European Union institutions — Whether jurisdiction of German Federal Constitutional Court extending to Court of Justice of the European Union and European Central Bank — Whether acts of EU institutions subject to national constitutional review — Ultra vires review — Review of core identity of national constitution — Whether application of EU law having absolute primacy — Whether absolute duty to follow judgment of Court of Justice of the European Union — The law of Germany

Economics, trade and finance — Free trade agreements — International investment — “New generation” free trade agreements — Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, 2016 (“CETA”) — Whether CETA’s investor–State dispute settlement provisions compatible with EU primary law — Principle of autonomy of EU legal order — Principle of equal treatment — Requirement of effectiveness of EU law — Right of access to an independent and impartial tribunal — Article 47 of Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — Free trade agreements — International investment — “New generation” free trade agreements — CETA — European Union and non-member States Parties to international agreement — Agreements integral part of EU law and subject of references for preliminary ruling to Court of Justice of the EU — Compatibility of agreements with EU Treaties, constitutional principles and EU Charter — Court of Justice of the EU having jurisdiction to interpret and apply agreements — Whether jurisdiction of Court of Justice of the EU taking precedence over jurisdiction of court of non-member State — Reciprocal nature of international agreements — Maintenance of powers of European Union in international relations — Whether jurisdiction of Court of Justice of the EU taking precedence over jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals established by agreements — Whether EU law precluding agreement from providing for creation of tribunals — Whether EU law precluding agreement from conferring jurisdiction on those tribunals to interpret and apply provisions of agreement having regard to rules and principles of international law applicable between Parties — Whether conditions applicable

Jurisdiction — Court of Justice of EU — EU and non-member States Parties to international agreement — CETA — Court of non-member State — Agreement providing for creation of tribunals — Agreement conferring jurisdiction on those tribunals to interpret and apply provisions of agreement having regard to rules and principles of international law applicable between Parties — Whether precluded by EU law — Whether jurisdiction of Court of Justice of EU having precedence — Whether CETA conferring jurisdiction on CETA Tribunal to interpret or apply EU law — Whether CETA adversely affecting autonomy of EU legal order

Damages — CETA Tribunal — CETA Appellate Tribunal — Whether CETA tribunals having jurisdiction to award damages to Canadian investors for loss suffered through EU acts of general application setting the level of protection of a public interest adversely affecting autonomy of EU legal order — Whether damages granted for a fine for breach of EU competition law found to constitute an infringement of CETA undermining the principle of effectiveness of EU law

International tribunals — CETA Tribunal — CETA Appellate Tribunal — Whether Article 47 of Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 2000 applicable to dispute resolution fora created by EU’s international agreements — Whether CETA tribunals satisfying requirements of accessibility, independence and impartiality — Whether small and medium-sized enterprises’ right of access to CETA tribunals impaired by the “loser pays” principle — Whether powers of CETA Joint Committee to appoint and remove Members of CETA tribunals, to determine their remuneration and to issue binding interpretations of CETA respecting requirement of independence — Whether CETA sufficiently guaranteeing impartiality of Members of CETA tribunals vis-à-vis disputing parties and government of their State of origin

Jurisdiction — CETA Tribunal — CETA Appellate Tribunal — Whether CETA tribunals having jurisdiction to assess compatibility of EU acts of general application setting the level of protection of a public interest adversely affecting autonomy of EU legal order

Relationship of international law and municipal law — EU law as domestic law — Application or interpretation of domestic law as a matter of fact — Whether power of CETA tribunals to take EU law into account as a matter of fact compatible with principle of autonomy of EU legal order

Treaties — Free trade agreements — International investment — “New generation” free trade agreements — CETA — Equal treatment of Canadian and EU investors — Whether granting access to CETA’s investor–State dispute settlement provisions for investments made in EU only to Canadian investors constituting discrimination — Whether Canadian and EU investors investing in EU in comparable situations — The law of the European Union

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism, 2012 — Article 4(4) — Emergency procedure — Callable capital stock — Estonia signing but not ratifying Treaty — Whether Article 4(4) of Treaty in conflict with Constitution of Estonia — Whether petitioner having competence to challenge Treaty — Principle of parliamentary democracy — Principle of parliamentary reservation — Budgetary powers of Parliament — Sovereignty clause in Constitution — Interpretation — Financial sovereignty — Whether State waiving part of its sovereignty in entering into international agreements — Democratic State subject to rule of law — Budgetary powers — Whether interference with constitutional principles permissible — Whether Article 4(4) of Treaty in conflict with Constitution of Estonia

Treaties — Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism, 2012 — Whether satisfying requirements of Article 2(1)(a) of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Article 4(4) of Treaty — Emergency procedure — Callable capital stock — Constitutionality of Treaty — Whether petitioner having competence to challenge Treaty — Financial sovereignty — Whether State waiving part of its sovereignty in entering into international agreements — Democratic State subject to rule of law — Budgetary powers — Whether interference with constitutional principles permissible — Whether Article 4(4) of Treaty in conflict with Constitution of Estonia

Economics, trade and finance — Euro area — Economic and financial stability — European Stability Mechanism — Financial sovereignty — Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism, 2012, Article 4(4) — Constitution of Estonia — Budgetary powers — Whether Article 4(4) of Treaty in conflict with Constitution of Estonia

International organizations — European Union — Treaties — Law of the European Union — Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism, 2012 — Whether Treaty on European Stability Mechanism part of European Union law

Treaties — Treaty on European Union, 2009 — Treaty on Functioning of the European Union, 2009 — Further delegation of powers — Necessity of referendum on more extensive integration — The law of Estonia

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Immunity from execution — State Immunity Act 1978 — Exercise of sovereign authority — Immunity of a separate entity under Section 14(2) of Act — Extent of protection provided under Section 13(2)(a) — Consent to submit to arbitration — Waiver of immunity — Relationship between Section 14(2) and Section 13(2)(a) of Act

Arbitration — Arbitration Act 1996 — London Court of International Arbitration Rules — Ruling on interim measures — Enforcement of a peremptory order — Jurisdiction to make an order under Section 42 of Arbitration Act — Proper and expeditious conduct of the arbitration — Cause for non-compliance with an order — Restoration of the status quo ante — Justiciable within an English court — Discretion of court to make an order

Economics, trade and finance — Heads of agreement — Oil exploitation in Kurdistan region of Iraq — Disputes concerning payment — The law of England

Economics, trade and finance — UK Export Control Act 2002 — 1998 EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports — European Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP — Whether Criterion 2(c) triggered by Saudi Arabia conduct of hostilities in Yemen

Relationship of international law and municipal law — International humanitarian law — Requirement that licences for arms sales not be granted by United Kingdom if clear risk that items will be used to commit serious violations of IHL — Obligation of decision-maker to carry out sufficient inquiry to assess prospective risk — Whether court could intervene to override finely balanced determination by the executive

War and armed conflict — Mixed international and internal armed conflict — International humanitarian law — Conflict in Yemen — Whether Saudi Arabia in breach of IHL obligations — Consequences of non-compliance with IHL on licensing of arms sales from United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia — Rationality standard to assess whether clear risk of non-compliance with IHL obligations in the future — Whether rational to dismiss evidence from external agencies pointing to breaches of IHL violations by Saudi Arabia — Whether “serious violations” synonymous with “war crimes” and “grave breaches” — The law of England

Comity — Trade — Antitrust — Price fixing — Vitamin C exports — United States antitrust law — Whether price fixing required by foreign government law — Determination of content of foreign law — Whether foreign government submissions on foreign law binding — Reciprocity — Treaties reflecting international practice

Economics, trade and finance — United States antitrust law — Price fixing — Vitamin C exports — Whether price fixing required by foreign government law — Determination of content of foreign law — Whether foreign government submissions on foreign law binding — Appropriate weight to be given to foreign government’s expressed view of own law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaties with formal mechanisms for one government to obtain from another official statement characterizing its laws — European Convention on Information on Foreign Law, 1968 — Inter-American Convention on Proof of and Information on Foreign Law, 1979 — United States not party to treaties — International practice — Whether consistent with understanding that government’s expressed view of own law entitled to substantial but not conclusive weight — The law of the United States

State succession — Treaties — Joint Declaration of Government of the People’s Republic of China and Government of the Portuguese Republic on question of Macau, 1987 — People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) assuming sovereignty over Macau from 20 December 1999 — Application of PRC’s treaties to Macau after assumption of sovereignty — Rights of third parties

Treaties — Interpretation — Application — Agreement between Government of the People’s Republic of China and Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic concerning the encouragement and reciprocal protection of investments, 1993 (“the PRC–Laos BIT”) — Whether PRC–Laos BIT applying to Macau — “Moving treaty frontier” rule — Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in respect of Treaties, 1978, Article 15 — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 29 — Exceptions — Whether a different intention appearing from treaty — Whether otherwise established that treaty was not meant to apply to Macau — Applicable standard of proof to be met under international law — Applicability of critical date doctrine to court’s assessment of evidence

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Whether arbitral tribunal possessing jurisdiction to hear claims — Whether protection of PRC–Laos BIT extending to Macanese investors — Whether subject matter of claim falling within scope of dispute resolution clause in Article 8(3) of PRC–Laos BIT — Jurisdiction — Whether interpretation and application of PRC–Laos BIT justiciable before Singaporean courts — Jurisdiction — Standard of review — Whether Singaporean courts obliged to accord special deference to tribunal’s findings

Economics, trade and finance — Bilateral investment treaties — PRC–Laos BIT — People’s Republic of China assuming sovereignty over Macau from 20 December 1999 — Whether PRC–Laos BIT applying to Macau — Whether protection of PRC–Laos BIT extending to Macanese investors — Whether interpretation and application of PRC–Laos BIT justiciable before Singaporean courts — The law of Singapore

Human rights — State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Civil proceedings against foreign State for repayment of debt arising under loan agreement — Organ of State — Embassy of foreign State failing to give consent to examination of applicant’s claim by courts of forum State — Courts of forum State refusing to examine applicant’s claim — Courts of forum State applying doctrine of absolute immunity — Whether violation of right of access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial transactions — Civil proceedings against foreign State for repayment of debt arising under loan agreement — Organ of State — Application of doctrine of absolute immunity — Whether contrary to human rights

Diplomatic relations — Embassy — Organ of State — Civil proceedings against foreign State for repayment of debt arising under loan agreement — Application of doctrine of absolute immunity — Whether courts of forum State failing to apply international law — Whether right of access to courts violated

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Annex to Treaty on Trade and Navigation, 1960 — Customary international law — Code of Civil Procedure providing for absolute immunity — Constitution providing international law integral part of domestic legal system — Domestic courts applying doctrine of absolute immunity — Whether domestic courts failing to apply relevant provisions of treaty and principles of customary international law — Whether domestic courts could refuse to examine applicant’s claim — Whether forum State violating Article 6(1) of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Economics, trade and finance — Treaties — Trade with foreign States — Annex to Treaty on Trade and Navigation, 1960 — Trade representations — Constituent part of embassy of State — Commercial transactions — Whether absolute or restrictive immunity applicable — Courts of forum State applying absolute immunity — Courts of forum State failing to apply international law — Whether failure to examine applicant’s claim impairing essence of right of access to court — Whether violation of Article 6(1) of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Investor–State arbitration — Energy Charter Treaty, 1994 — ICSID Convention, 1965 — Energy Charter Treaty concluded between European Union and States some of which Members of the European Union — Whether provision for investor–State arbitration compatible with European Union law in intra-European Union disputes — Applicable law — Whether including European Union law — Nature of arbitration tribunal

Economics, trade and finance — Investment — Investment protection treaties — Energy Charter Treaty, 1994 — Investor–State arbitration provision — Whether provision for arbitration of investor–State dispute compatible with European Union law in intra-European Union disputes

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles — Relevance of other rules of international law — Energy Charter Treaty, 1994 — Whether provisions on investor–State arbitration should be read as inapplicable to disputes between investor from one European Union State and another European Union State — Whether investor–State dispute resolution provision providing for arbitration compatible with Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 2007

Treaties — Conflict between treaty obligations — European Union Member States — Whether obligations under European Union treaties prevailing over obligations under Energy Charter Treaty, 1994 — Express provision on conflict — Energy Charter Treaty, Article 16

Relationship of international law and municipal law — European Union law — Double nature of European Union law as part of the law in force in every Member State and as deriving from an international agreement between the Member States — Relationship between rights accorded to investors under investment protection treaty and principles of European Union law