Most of the Old Uighur text materials retrieved from East Turkestan and the Gansu region of northeastern China are contemporaneous with the Mongol Empire and deserve analysis for the historical reconstruction of Uighur society in eastern Central Asia, as an example of subjects of Mongol dominion. Old Uighur sources also offer significant information on the kernels of Mongol rule, since the Uighur Turks became indispensable collaborators with Mongol rulers all over Eurasia, establishing and influencing the Mongol system of domination as well as literacy and religious cultures. This chapter introduces the results of scholarly works on the Old Uighur sources, which supplement or improve the knowledge of the history of the Mongol Empire.

Chapter 3 analyses exclusion of Uyghur identities in Zhonghua Minzu, specifically the 'East Turkestan' (dongtu 东突) narrative in minzu tuanjie education texts that explain contemporary violence and articulate Uyghur-ness as an external threat through the Turk category. The first section analyses how official East Turkestan narratives project external territorial borders and internal ethnic boundaries through each other, marking Uyghur language and religion as internal security problems from outside China’s cultural boundaries. The second section analyses official explanations of violence and protest in Xinjiang through East Turkestan and 'inside/outside Three Evils' ('terrorism, separatism, and extremism') narratives. This analyses how the party-state turns external cultural boundaries inward, demarcating ethno-spatial boundaries between sub-regions that are more and less secure and more and less Chinese. The final section uses semi-structured interviews and discourse analysis of Nurmehemmet Yasin’s short story 'Wild Pigeon' to examine the productive effects of these narratives. It analyses how Uyghurs redeploy official East Turkestan narratives to articulate alternative configurations of identity and security. The chapter argues that tensions between inclusion and exclusion in official security discourses, which ambivalently inter-weave civilisational and nationalist discourses by identifying intertwined threats inside and outside Zhonghua Minzu produce possibilities for resistance within its logics.