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2 results

  • 10 - On Chinese Rites and Rights

  • from Part IV - Beyond Europe and North America
  • Edited by Sarah Shortall, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Daniel Steinmetz-Jenkins, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
  • Book:
    Christianity and Human Rights Reconsidered
    Published online:
    26 September 2020
    Print publication:
    24 September 2020, pp 207-222

  • Summary

    This chapter examines the Vatican’s decision in 1939 to end its opposition to Chinese Catholic participation in Chinese rites, a position it had held since 1704. The historiography has traditionally interpreted the end of the Chinese rites as a progressive move by the Vatican to support calls for indigenization in China. Focusing on the career of Celso Costantini, the first apostolic delegate to China, this chapter argues that the decision to end the Chinese rites controversy must be understood as part of the Vatican’s geopolitical strategy to expand its influence in China. Revising its position on Chinese rites was a way to curry favor with the Chinese Nationalists; it also belonged to the Vatican’s anti-Communist outlook. This chapter argues that the end of the Chinese rites controversy must be read and understood within the context of the moment when the Catholic Church was also reconceptualizing its relationship to human rights.

  • 8 - In God’s Country

  • from Part I - The Cold War
  • Warren I. Cohen, University of Maryland, Baltimore
  • Book:
    The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations
    Published online:
    05 June 2013
    Print publication:
    13 May 2013, pp 209-234

  • Summary

    In China, civil war loomed and the task of regaining even the marginal living-standards of the prewar era was gravely threatened. The newly empowered military establishment wanted funds to preserve the massive-forces the United States had assembled in the course of the war, forces that could now be used to deter would-be aggressors. A number of American-officials had begun thinking of the Soviet Union as the next enemy well before the end of the war. By the end of 1948, the United States and the Soviet Union were obviously no longer allies or friends. Walter Lippmann's term, Cold War, seemed apt. Both nations had ended their processes of demobilization and had begun military preparedness programs. The Communist-conquest of China, the Alger Hiss case, and the Soviet nuclear explosion fed disparate but overlapping forces in the United States.