Previously, the concept of Ply Drop Sequence (PDS) is introduced by the authors for the designing of composite laminated structures with multiple regions. Compared to deleting a contiguous innermost/outermost plies in the classical guide-based blending, using PDS is more flexible than dropping plies between adjacent regions. In this article, a new blending model called the Permutation for Panel Sequence (PPS) blending model is proposed to correct the problem of repeated searching of discrete points in the design space for the previous PDS blending model. The proposed method is also applied to an 18-panel horseshoe benchmark problem. The results demonstrate that the useful searching points in the PPS method are less than those in the PDS method when the number of the panels is less than the number of plies in the guide laminate, and the PPS method obtains a faster convergence speed compared with the PDS method.

In this paper, a new optimisation method incorporating lamination parameters and a guide-based blending model is proposed. Lamination parameters for a guide laminate and ply number of each panel are employed as design variables for optimisation with a parallel real-coded genetic algorithm incorporating structure behaviour and manufacturing constraints. During the optimisation process, with a form of least squares fitting adopted, another genetic algorithm is used to obtain the guide stacking sequence of the guide laminate from the guide lamination parameters, and then the laminate configurations of each panel are obtained from the guide stacking sequence and number of plies for each panel. The proposed framework is demonstrated via design of an 18-panel horseshoe configuration, where each panel is optimised individually with a buckling constraint. Numerical results indicate that the present algorithm is capable of obtaining fully blended designs.

This paper studies the principles according to which spatial and motion concepts metaphorically structure temporal concepts in some languages. There are two types of space–motion metaphor of time, distinguished by whether or not the metaphor is structured by a person’s perspective. “Christmas is approaching” and “We are approaching Christmas” are perspectival. “New Year’s follows Christmas” is not. This contrast in deixis and frame of reference is linguistically relevant whether the contrast has to do with imagination or external reality. Study of experiential motivations and analysis into primary metaphors helps reveal the particular ways spatial and motion concepts function in each type of metaphor. One focus is accounting for the contrasting temporal meanings that words for in-front and behind can have. For example, “Ahead of us” is later than Now, while “ahead of Christmas” is earlier than Christmas. We find that the temporal ‘directions’ expressed in the contrasting frames of reference are not opposites. Rather, they are motivated by different kinds of temporal experience. This project investigates the fundamental spatial relations that structure temporal concepts; for example co-location vs. separation. But since motion involves time, purely spatial structure is limited. Conceptual blending analysis reveals that the source and target frames of the perspectival metaphors share an aspectual – i.e., temporal – generic structure. Thus a dichotomy between ‘space’ and ‘time’ is of limited utility in describing space–motion metaphors of time. Instead, the analysis has to deal with the specific spatial and temporal concepts that function in each metaphor.

The keynote article (Goldrick, Putnam & Schwartz, 2016) discusses doubling phenomena occasionally found in code-switching corpora. Their analysis focuses on an English–Tamil sentence in which an SVO sequence in English is followed by a verb in Tamil, resulting in an apparent VOV structure:

1. (1)

This paper reports the findings of a four-year longitudinal study that examined the role of prior linguistic knowledge on the written L3 production of 93 Spanish/Catalan learners. Two research questions guided the study: the first asked whether a background language (L1s Spanish/Catalan, L2 German) would activate in parallel with L3 English during word construction attempts involving verbal forms, and if so, which would be the source language of blending. The second addressed the progressive readjustments of L2 activation and blending in the course of the first 200 hours of instruction. The elicitation technique was a written narrative based on a story telling task. Data were collected first when the learners were on average 9.9 years old (T1), and again at the ages of 10.9 (T2), 11.9 (T3) and 12.9 (T4). The focus of analysis was on word construction attempts that involved verbal forms. The results suggest that a background language, the L2, did indeed activate, especially at early stages of L3 acquisition.

The main aim of the present work is to demonstrate that the semantic pole of ditransitive constructions manifests itself as a multidomain matrix, consisting basically of a set of conceptual metaphors integrated through the mechanism of blending. The metaphors that participate in these multidomain matrices are, in principle, metaphors that already exist in our conceptual structure. As we shall demonstrate in the course of the analysis, these often involve primary metaphors, conceived of as metaphors that have a direct, independent, experiential base. In other cases, the starting point for the construction of such multidomain matrices is complex metaphors already existing in our conceptual structure, understood as an autonomous conceptual complex of a metaphorical nature, created through the integration of various primary metaphors. Our concrete object of analysis consists of the semantic pole of different types of ditransitive constructions. The data analyzed include examples from Romance (Catalan, French, Brazilian Portuguese, and Spanish) and Germanic (English and German) languages.

In this paper we present a robust real-time optimization method for the online linear oilblending process. The blending process consists in determining the optimal mix ofcomponents so that the final product satisfies a set of specifications. We examinedifferent sources of uncertainty inherent to the blending process and show how to addressthis uncertainty applying the Robust Optimization techniques. The polytopal structure ofour problem permits a simplified robust approach. Our method is intended to avoidreblending and we measure its performance in terms of the blend quality giveaway andfeedstocks prices. The difference between the nominal and the robust optimal values (theprice of robustness) provides a benchmark for the cost of reblending which is difficult toestimate in practice. This new information can be used to adjust the level of conservatismin the model. We analyze the feasibility of a blend to be produced from a set offeedstocks when the heel of a previous blend is used in the composition of the new blend.Additional critical information for the control system is then produced.