The influenza virus NS1 protein inhibits the splicing
of the major class of mammalian pre-mRNAs (GU-AG introns)
by binding to a specific stem-bulge in U6 snRNA, thereby
blocking the formation of U4/U6 and U2/U6 complexes. The
splicing of the minor class of AT-AC introns takes place
on spliceosomes that do not contain U6 snRNA, but rather
U6atac snRNA — a highly divergent U6 snRNA counterpart.
Nonetheless, we demonstrate that the NS1 protein inhibits
AT-AC splicing in vitro, and specifically binds to only
U6atac snRNA among the five minor class snRNAs. Chemical
modification/interference assays show that the NS1 protein
binds to the stem-bulge near the 3′ end of U6atac
snRNA, encompassing nt 82–95 and nt 105–114.
Although the sequence of this stem-bulge differs significantly
from the sequence of the stem-bulge to which the NS1 protein
binds in U6 snRNA, RNA competition experiments indicate
that U6 and U6atac snRNAs likely share the same binding
site on the NS1 protein. Previously, the region of U6atac
snRNA containing this 3′ stem-bulge had not been
implicated in any interactions of this snRNA with either
U4atac or U12 snRNA. However, as assayed by psoralen crosslinking,
we show that the NS1 protein inhibits the formation of
U12/U6atac complexes, but not the formation of U4atac/U6atac
complexes. We can conclude that the inhibition of AT-AC
splicing results largely from the inhibition of formation
of U12/U6atac complexes caused by the binding of the NS1
protein to the 3′ stem-bulge of U6atac snRNA.