The purpose of this study was to identify factors at various time points in life that are associated with surviving to age 90. Data from men enrolled in a cohort study since 1948 were considered in 12-year intervals. Logistic regression models were constructed with the outcome of surviving to age 90. Factors were: childhood illness, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), chronic diseases, and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings. After 1996, the Short Form-36 was added. A total of 3,976 men were born in 1928 or earlier, and hence by the end of our study window in 2018, each had the opportunity of surviving to age 90. Of these, 721 did live to beyond his 90th birthday.The factors in 1948 which predicted surviving were: lower diastolic BP, lower BMI, and not smoking. In 1960, these factors were: lower BP, lower BMI, not smoking, and no major ECG changes. In 1972, these factors were lower BP, not smoking, and fewer disease states. In 1984, these factors were lower systolic BP, not smoking, ECG changes, and fewer disease states. In 1996, the factors were fewer disease states and higher physical and mental health functioning. In 2008, only higher physical functioning predicted survival to the age of 90. In young adulthood, risk factors are important predictors of surviving to age 90; in mid-life, chronic illnesses emerge, and in later life, functional status becomes predominant.

From a “successful aging” perspective, the subjective feeling of well-being is as important as “objective” health. Physical exercise is seen as being an effective way of staying healthy, but its link with well-being in a normal aging population remains largely unexplored. Based on two randomized surveys of the aging population, conducted in 1979 and 1994, respectively, with questionnaires including retrospective questions on activities and health, two cohorts of young-old (aged 64–74) were selected (cohort 1, born 1905–1914, N = 949; cohort 2, born 1920–1929, N = 602) and split into four groups, corresponding to their exercising trajectories (long-term exercisers LE, new exercisers NE, quitters Q, sedentary S). The link between the four trajectories and two indicators of well-being (self-rated health, self-assessed depression scale) was examined by means of regression analyses. In both cohorts, the LE group had a higher level of well-being than the Q and the S. The study also throws light on the case of the quitters (Q), who showed the lowest level of well-being. Scant research has hitherto been done on the causes and repercussions of abandoning exercise.

As the demand for home care services increases, health care agencies should be able to predict the intake capacity of community-based long-term care (CBLTC) programs. Two hundred and thirty-seven clients entering a CBLTC program were assessed for activities of daily living (ADL) and cognitive and affective functioning and were then followed to monitor attrition and reasons why clients left the program. Compromised ADL functioning at baseline increased likelihood of death and institutionalization by 2 per cent each year. Over a 10-year period, reduced cognitive functioning at baseline increased the risk of death by 9 per cent and decreased the likelihood of leaving the program due to improvement by 18 per cent. Reduced affective functioning at baseline increased the risk of institutionalization during the course of the study by 3 per cent. Routine functional assessments with the elderly may help in the management of similar home care programs.

The Mannheim Cohort Study, from which the results to be displayed below are taken, is an epidemiologic field survey on the prevalence of psychogenic disorders, i.e. the psychoneurotic, psychosomatic, and personality disorders listed as ICD items 300-306 in the 8th revision of the WHO. A representative sample of 600 randomly selected citizens from the city of Mannheim were examined twice from 1979-1985 by means of comprehensive sociological instruments in a semi-standardized psychoanalytical interview.

Instead of a wide birth range, we decided to investigate age classes, and each time took a 200-person sample from the records of the municipal registration office for individuals (both sexes) born in 1935, 1945 and 1955. The aim of this research strategy was to determine the possible influence of various historical and social conditions of development on the pathogenesis of psychogenic disorders.

The qualified interviewers involved in the project went to see the individuals at home. The examination, a biographical investigation which lasted for at least 3 hr, took the form of a semi-standardized structured interview as in dynamic psychotherapy. Thus, a quantity of findings concerning present and past morbidity, development, stress in infancy, aspects of present occupational and family life, and the organization of leisure time interspersed with sociological, psychological and psychoanalytical questions were included. A number of questionnaires (list of complaints, critical life events, personality inventories, measures of attitudes) were also inserted.

The criteria to be met for assessment as a “case” (sick person) were:

1. 1, the temporal criterion of point prevalence, referring to the 7 days prior to examination;

2. 2, the qualitative criterion of assessing an ICD diagnosis (Nos 300-306; 8th revision;

3. 3, the quantitative criterion: grading the psychogenic impairment (Impairment Score = IS).

Five points plus had to be scored, or over 20 points according to the Goldberg-Cooper Interview.

The IS was designed as a conceptual complex rating in order to determine primarily psychogenic (non-organic) impairment on a somatic, psychic, and communication-related dimension. The individual's impairment is graded between 0-4 on each dimension, so that 3 single ratings add up to a maximum score of 12.

According to this definition, 156 out of 600 individuals examined were assessed as cases in the first survey. This means a point prevalence of 26%.