A self-induced free-surface oscillation termed ‘self-induced sloshing’ was observed in
a rectangular tank with a submerged and horizontally injected water jet. Self-induced
sloshing is excited by the flow itself without any external force. Its behaviour was
examined by experiment. The dominant frequency was found to be close to the
first or second eigenvalue of fluid in a tank. The conditions of sloshing excitation
were obtained for four tank geometries. They were called the ‘sloshing condition’, and
defined in terms of inlet velocity and water level. Sloshing conditions were found to be
strongly dependent on inlet velocity and tank geometry. A two-dimensional numerical
simulation code was developed to simulate self-induced sloshing. The code was based
on the boundary-fitted coordinate (BFC) method with height function. The numerical
results were qualitatively verified by the experimental results, and were found to
correlate well in terms of flow pattern, free-surface shape and sloshing conditions. In
this study, sloshing growth was evaluated quantitatively using the simulation results.
Oscillation energy supplied for the sloshing motion during a sloshing period (Econ) was
calculated from simulation results. Sloshing growth was found to be strongly related
to the sign and magnitude of Econ. The distribution of Econ showed that jet flow had
a strong correlation with the sloshing growth. It was clarified that sloshing growth
was primarily dependent on the spatial phase state of jet fluctuation. A governing
parameter of self-induced sloshing, the modified Strouhal number Sts, was proposed
on the basis of numerical evaluations of oscillation energy. The value of Sts suggests
that one or two large vortices generated by jet fluctuations exist between the inlet and
outlet during a sloshing period. When Sts is approximately either 1 (first stage) or 2
(second stage), self-induced sloshing occurs consistently in all experimental cases. The
dependence of sloshing on inlet velocity, water level and tank geometry was revealed
using Sts. For several tank geometries, a sloshing mode shift or jet mode (stage)
transition was found to occur due to changes in inlet jet velocity. The combination
of sloshing mode and jet stage can determine the state of the self-induced sloshing.
As a result of this study, we propose a new excitation mechanism of self-induced
sloshing, represented by a simple feedback loop closed by sloshing motion and jet
fluctuation. The overall physical oscillation mechanism of self-induced sloshing was
clarified using this feedback loop.