TILTING COMPLEXES AND CODIMENSION FUNCTIONS OVER COMMUTATIVE NOETHERIAN RINGS

Abstract

In the derived category of a commutative noetherian ring, we explicitly construct a silting object associated with each sp-filtration of the Zariski spectrum satisfying the “slice” condition. Our new construction is based on local cohomology and it allows us to study when the silting object is tilting. For a ring admitting a dualizing complex, this occurs precisely when the sp-filtration arises from a codimension function on the spectrum. In the absence of a dualizing complex, the situation is more delicate and the tilting property is closely related to the condition that the ring is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring. We also provide dual versions of our results in the cosilting case.

1. Introduction

Rickard’s theorem [105] states that derived equivalences between categories of modules over rings are fully governed by compact tilting complexes. While these are ubiquitous in representation theory, it is well known that any derived equivalence boils down to a Morita equivalence whenever one of the rings happens to be commutative (e.g., [12, Prop. 5.14]). As a consequence, in commutative algebra, the classical tilting theory reduces just to studying progenerators of the module category. However, there is a much richer supply of large (= possibly non-compact) tilting objects. They were first introduced in the module-theoretic incarnation by Colpi and Trlifaj [36] and Angeleri Hügel and Coelho [7]. Psaroudakis and Vitória [103] and Nicolás, Saorín, and Zvonareva [94] introduced large silting and tilting objects in triangulated categories, where they naturally generalized the concepts of compact silting objects (see [1], [71]) and large silting complexes (see [14], [119]). In contrast with the classical setting, the endomorphism ring of a large tilting module is typically not derived equivalent to the original ring. However, if the tilting module is “good,” then one obtains a triangulated equivalence after localizing the derived category of the endomorphism ring (see [23]). This discrepancy can be measured by a recollement (see [11, §5], [24], and [32], [33]). Silting objects are defined as those inducing t-structures in a natural way, and the heart of such a t-structure is an abelian category having a projective generator. Under mild assumptions, the inclusion from the heart of a silting t-structure to the derived category extends to a derived equivalence if and only if the silting object is tilting (see [103]). An analogous dual theory exists for cosilting and cotilting objects, for which the hearts are abelian categories having an injective cogenerator (in fact, the cosilting hearts are often Grothendieck categories); see Section 2 for more details. We also remark that recently a mutation theory for large silting and cosilting objects has been developed in [13]; pure-injective cosilting objects play an important role there, and mutation for such objects encompasses mutation for compact silting complexes in the classical context (see [1], [71]). The theory is meaningful in the setting of the present paper as well (see [13, Exam. 4.11] and the last paragraph of Section 2.1.6).

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. A lot of structural information about the derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is known to be controlled by the Zariski spectrum $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Neeman [86] proved that there is a canonical bijection between the localizing subcategories of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and the subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Alonso Tarrío, Jeremías López, and Saorín [4] classified the compactly generated t-structures in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by using the sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (= the filtrations of specialization closed subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ ); see (2.16). The compactly generated t-structures induced by silting objects have also been classified in terms of sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . For tilting modules, this was essentially achieved by Angeleri Hügel, Pospíšil, the third author, and Trlifaj [16], and in general, by Angeleri Hügel and the first author [10] (see (2.20)). On the other hand, explicit constructions of the silting objects inducing these t-structures are known only in rather limited instances (see [8, §3] and [101]).

The first main goal of this paper is to provide such a construction for sp-filtrations of special type, which we call slice sp-filtrations. The slice condition asserts that in each step of the filtration we are only allowed to remove at most a zero-dimensional (=“thin”) layer of prime ideals. Such sp-filtrations are rather ubiquitous (see Example 3.3 and the next paragraph). The philosophy behind these filtrations is akin to the notion of the slice filtration in equivariant or motivic homotopy theory (see Remarks 3.2 and 4.3). In particular, the slice condition is sufficient for the Bousfield localization and colocalization functors induced by the consecutive members of the sp-filtration to decompose objects into “computable pieces.” Our construction of silting objects is also related to the method that builds tilting modules and complexes from ring epimorphisms in the representation theoretical context (see, e.g., [17, Th. 3.5] and [10, §5]). To successfully produce a silting object, the existing constructions need to impose a strong homological restriction on the ring epimorphism(s) appearing there, while the slice condition can be viewed as a suitable geometric analog. See the end of Section 4 for a more detailed discussion.

To state our first main result, we remark that there is a bijection between the sp-filtrations $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and the order-preserving functions $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z} \cup \{\infty , -\infty \}$ . Then $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration if and only if it corresponds to a strictly increasing function $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z}$ (see Remark 2.11 and (3.1)).

Theorem 1.1 (Theorem 4.6).

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then

$$\begin{align*}T_\Phi := \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}\end{align*}$$

is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and this induces the t-structure whose aisle is

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{Y}_{\Phi}:=\{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_{R}(\mathfrak{p},X)>n~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z}~\forall \mathfrak{p}\in \Phi(n)\}. \end{align*}$$

In general, the tilting property is not easily read from the silting t-structure alone, as the vanishing of negative self-extensions is typically not tested by orthogonality properties with respect to any set of compact objects. Our explicit construction of silting objects enables us to study this question:

$$ \begin{align*}\mathit{When\ is\ the\ silting\ object}\ T_\Phi\ \mathit{tilting?}\end{align*} $$

In fact, if $T_\Phi $ is tilting, then $\Phi $ is necessarily a codimension filtration (i.e., $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }$ is a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ ); see Proposition 6.10. This makes a limitation on R because the existence of a codimension function implies R is catenary. Our second main result shows that, for rings which are nice enough in a certain sense, $T_{\Phi }$ is tilting for any codimension filtration $\Phi $ .

Theorem 1.2 (Theorems 4.7 and 7.5).

Assume one of the following conditions hold:

1. (1) R admits a (strongly pointwise) dualizing complex.

2. (2) R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension.

Let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , which exists under the assumption. Then $T_{\Phi }$ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Note that R can have infinite Krull dimension under the condition (1) of Theorem 1.2. When a (strongly pointwise) dualizing complex D for R exists, R has finite Krull dimension if and only if D has finite injective dimension. In this case, we refer to D as a classical dualizing complex (Remark 2.14). We also remark that, for rings of finite Krull dimension, (1) is strictly stronger than (2). Indeed, the existence of a classical dualizing complex implies that R is a homomorphic image of a Gorenstein ring of finite Krull dimension. This fact (originally conjectured by Sharp [112]) is due to Kawasaki [69] (Theorem 7.6(1)).

Given a classical dualizing complex D for R, we know that it is a cotilting object in the bounded derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ (Remark 7.7). Under this interpretation, Kawasaki’s result characterizes homomorphic image of Gorenstein rings of finite Krull dimension in a tilting theoretic way. His other work [70] provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a commutative noetherian ring to be a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring (Theorem 7.6(2)), while this characterization itself looks far from tilting theory. Nevertheless, it turns out that his work is closely related to the tilting property of $T_{\Phi }$ for a codimension filtration $\Phi $ , and it actually makes sense to ask the next question:

$$ \begin{align*}\mathit{Is}\ T_\Phi\ \mathit{tilting\ if\ and\ only\ if}\ R\ \mathit{is\ a\ homomorphic\ image\ of\ a\ Cohen{-}Macaulay\ ring?}\end{align*} $$

An important viewpoint to study this question is flatness of the endomorphism ring of $T_\Phi $ over R. Indeed, an essential ingredient of our proof of Theorem 1.2 under the assumption (2) is that $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi })$ is flat whenever R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension (Proposition 6.21). Furthermore, if R is a one-dimensional commutative noetherian ring, then it has a codimension filtration $\Phi $ , and $T_{\Phi }$ is always tilting (Theorem 6.5). In this case, the endomorphism ring can explicitly be computed as follows:

(1.1) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi})\cong \begin{pmatrix} S^{-1}R & 0 \\ \displaystyle{(\prod_{\mathfrak{m}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{mSpec}} R} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{m}}}){\otimes}_RS^{-1}R} & \displaystyle{\prod_{\mathfrak{m}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{mSpec}} R} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{m}}}} \end{pmatrix}, \end{align} $$

where S stands for the complement of the union of all non-maximal prime ideals and $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {m}}}$ stands for the $\mathfrak {m}$ -adic completion of the local ring $R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ (Example 6.8). Evidently, $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi })$ is flat over R, and in fact, every one-dimensional ring satisfies the condition (2) of Theorem 1.2 by results of Kawasaki (Theorem 7.12). More generally, given any commutative noetherian ring R with a codimension filtration $\Phi $ , the flatness of $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi })$ implies that all the formal fibers of all the localizations of R are Cohen–Macaulay (Proposition 7.15). This fact along with a result of Kawasaki (Theorem 7.6(2)) enables us to show the next theorem. Although Kawasaki’s result requires that R is universally catenary, perhaps surprisingly, this follows from the tilting property of $T_\Phi $ (Proposition 7.14).

Theorem 1.3 (Theorem 7.18).

Let R be a commutative noetherian local ring with a codimension filtration $\Phi $ . The following conditions are equivalent:

1. (1) $T_\Phi $ is tilting and $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ is a flat R-module.

2. (2) R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring.

It is natural to ask if we can get rid of the second condition from (1) of Theorem 1.3 so that Cohen–Macaulay homomorphic images can be determined purely by the tilting property of $T_\Phi $ . Namely, we are interested in the following question:

$$ \begin{align*} \textit{Is }\operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi)\ \textit{flat as an }R\textit{-module whenever }T_\Phi\ \textit{is tilting?} \end{align*} $$

We will show that the answer is affirmative for any ring R of Krull dimension two (Theorem 7.22). Note that this is the least dimension in which rings may not be homomorphic images of Cohen–Macaulay rings (see Theorem 7.12 and Remark 7.21).

Up to now, we have focused on the silting case, but the last three sections provide the cosilting counterparts for all of the results mentioned so far. Most of them can not be deduced by formally dual arguments, while it is actually efficient to start with silting objects, because we can translate each silting object $T_\Phi $ to a cosilting object ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi , E)$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by an injective cogenerator E in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ (see (2.21)). We further equivalently replace each cosilting object ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi , E)$ by a more explicit one $C_\Phi $ (Definition 5.1) using local duality and Matlis duality (see Theorem 5.2 and its proof).

Given a slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ , we obtain the cosilting object $C_\Phi $ as mentioned above, and it induces a t-structure in a natural way. This assignment is compatible with the classification of compactly generated t-structures in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ based on the sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (see [4]). When R admits a classical dualizing complex D, D gives a codimension function (Section 2.5.3), from which we obtain a codimension filtration $\Phi $ . Then the t-structure induced by $C_\Phi $ is precisely the compactly generated t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ which restricts to the Cohen–Macaulay t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ with respect to D in the sense of [4, §6] (see Remark 7.7). Even if a dualizing complex is not available, as far as R admits a codimension filtration $\Phi $ , we obtain the heart of the t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ induced by $C_\Phi $ , and this heart, up to equivalence, does not depend on the choice of the codimension filtration. We call this canonical abelian category the Cohen–Macaulay heart (Definition 7.9). As far as R has finite Krull dimension, $C_{\Phi }$ is cotilting if and only if the inclusion from the Cohen–Macaulay heart induces a derived equivalence. Moreover, if R is local and of Krull dimension 2, we can verify that $C_{\Phi }$ is cotilting if and only if R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring (Corollary 7.24), as in the silting case.

The paper is structured as follows: In Section 2, we gather required facts and notions from several different topics: the silting theory in triangulated categories, localization theory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , depth and width over commutative noetherian rings, sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , and dualizing complexes. We also recall the technical notions of cofiltrations and Lukas lemma for complexes which is required to complete the proof of Theorem 1.1. Section 3 introduces slice sp-filtrations and codimension filtrations, and we provide a rather concise proof for Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 restricted to rings admitting a classical dualizing complex (Remark 3.14); for this, the infinite completion of Grothendieck duality (Theorem 2.18) plays a key role. The goal of Section 4 is to establish Theorem 1.1 in full generality, which demands a more technical approach. In Section 5, we deal with the dual setting for cosilting objects, and in Section 6, we study the flatness of the endomorphism ring of both tilting and cotilting objects induced by codimension functions. Finally, in Section 7, we consider rings which are homomorphic images of Cohen–Macaulay rings and finish the proofs of Theorems 1.2 and 1.3. The questions listed above are restated for the silting and cotilting case both (Questions 7.8 and 7.19(2)), and they are affirmatively answered for local and nonlocal rings, respectively, of Krull dimension at most two.

2. Preliminaries

Convention. Throughout this paper, subcategories of a given category are assumed to be full, additive, and closed under isomorphisms.

2.1. Silting objects in derived categories

We begin with recalling basic facts on (co)silting objects in the sense of [94] and [103]. Some of the facts work well in more general triangulated categories, but we confine ourselves to the case of unbounded derived categories of rings.

2.1.1.

Let R be a ring, and let $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ be the unbounded derived category of the category of all right R-modules. We denote by $\Sigma $ the suspension functor on $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . For a class $\mathcal {C}$ of objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and a set I of integers, define the following subcategories of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ :

The role of the set I will often be played by symbols of the form n, $>n$ , $<n$ , $\geq n$ , $\leq n$ , and $\neq n$ , interpreted in the obvious way, where n is an integer. For example, and . If $\mathcal {C}=\{X\}$ for a single object $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , we use and instead of and , respectively.

2.1.2.

A t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a pair $(\mathcal {U}, \mathcal {V})$ of subcategories satisfying the following axioms (see [25]):

1. (t-1) ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(U,V) = 0$ for all $U \in \mathcal {U}$ and $V \in \mathcal {V}$ ,

2. (t-2) for any $X \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ there is a triangle

   $$\begin{align*}U \rightarrow X \rightarrow V \rightarrow \Sigma U\end{align*}$$
   with $U \in \mathcal {U}$ and $V \in \mathcal {V}$ , and

3. (t-3) $\Sigma \mathcal {U} \subseteq \mathcal {U}$ .

The subcategory $\mathcal {U}$ is called the aisle of the t-structure, and $\mathcal {V}$ is called the coaisle. A consequence of the axioms is that and . In particular, the aisle and the coaisle both are closed under direct summands, and the former is closed under coproducts, while the latter is closed under products. Moreover, (t-3) is equivalent to

1. (t-3’) $\Sigma ^{-1} \mathcal {V} \subseteq \mathcal {V}$

under the other two axioms.

If $(\mathcal {U},\mathcal {V})$ is a t-structure, then the triangle in (t-2) is functorially unique up to isomorphism. More precisely, the inclusions from $\mathcal {U}$ and $\mathcal {V}$ into $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ admit a right adjoint $u: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \rightarrow \mathcal {U}$ and a left adjoint $v: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \rightarrow \mathcal {V}$ , respectively, and the counit $u \to \operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}$ and the unit $\operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)} \rightarrow v$ of these adjunctions yield a triangle

(2.1) $$ \begin{align} u X \rightarrow X \rightarrow vX \rightarrow \Sigma uX \end{align} $$

for every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and this triangle can be identified with the triangle in (t-2) via the isomorphisms and induced by adjointness. Note also that the essential images $\operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} u$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} v$ coincide with $\mathcal {U}$ and $\mathcal {V}$ , respectively, and the kernels $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} u$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} v$ coincide with $\mathcal {V}$ and $\mathcal {U}$ , respectively (see, e.g., [68, Prop. 4.1.4]).

The intersection $\mathcal {H} = \mathcal {U} \cap \Sigma \mathcal {V}$ is called the heart of the t-structure $(\mathcal {U},\mathcal {V})$ . It is shown in [25, Th. 1.3.6] that the heart of a t-structure is an abelian category such that its exact structure is induced by the triangles belonging to the heart. In addition, the truncation functors u and v of the t-structure give rise to a cohomological functor $H^0_{\mathcal {H}}: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \to \mathcal {H}$ , which can be defined as the composition $u \circ \Sigma \circ v\circ \Sigma ^{-1}$ . See also [67, §10.1] for details.

For each $n \in \mathbb {Z}$ , there is a canonical t-structure $(\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq n}(R),\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{>n}(R))$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq n} (R) := \{X \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \mid H^i(X) = 0 ~\forall i> n\}$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{> n} (R) := \{X \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \mid H^i(X) = 0 ~\forall i \leq n\}$ . We say that a t-structure $(\mathcal {U},\mathcal {V})$ is intermediate if there are integers $n \leq m$ such that $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq n}(R) \subseteq \mathcal {U} \subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq m}(R)$ . We also call such a t-structure l-intermediate in case the integers satisfy $m-n \leq l$ for some nonnegative integer l. A t-structure $(\mathcal {U},\mathcal {V})$ is called nondegenerate provided that $\bigcap _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\Sigma ^n \mathcal {U} = 0$ and $\bigcap _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\Sigma ^n \mathcal {V} = 0$ . It is straightforward to check that any intermediate t-structure is nondegenerate. Nondegenerate t-structures are well-behaved in the sense that they are fully determined by the induced cohomological functor $H^0_{\mathcal {H}}$ to the heart (see [25, Prop. 1.3.7] or [67, Prop. 10.1.10]).

A t-structure $(\mathcal {U},\mathcal {V})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called stable if $\Sigma ^{-1}\mathcal {U} \subseteq \mathcal {U}$ , or equivalently, if both $\mathcal {U}$ and $\mathcal {V}$ are triangulated subcategories of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . The notion of stable t-structures can be essentially identified with the notion of Bousfield localizations (see Section 2.2).

A t-structure $(\mathcal {U},\mathcal {V})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called compactly generated if for some set $\mathcal {S}$ of compact objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Recall that an object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is compact if and only if it is isomorphic to a bounded complex of finitely generated projected R-modules (see [87, 2.1.3]; see also [27, Th. 2.2]).

Remark 2.1. If a t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is compactly generated, then its heart is a Grothendieck category by [107, Th. D]. In fact, this is a locally finitely presented Grothendieck category by [106, Th. 1.6].

2.1.3.

An object $T \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called silting if the pair is a t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Dually, an object $C \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is cosilting if is a t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Given a silting object T (resp. a cosilting object C), it is easily seen that (resp. ). A t-structure is called silting (resp. cosilting) if it is induced by a silting (resp. cosilting) object as above. All silting t-structures and cosilting t-structures are nondegenerate (see [103, Prop. 4.3]).

Silting objects T and $T'$ are said to be equivalent if the induced t-structures and coincide. Similarly, cosilting objects C and $C'$ are said to be equivalent if the induced t-structures and coincide.

If an object X satisfies $\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(X) = \operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(X')$ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(X) = \operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(X')$ ) for a silting (resp. cosilting) object $X'$ , then X is a silting (resp. cosilting) object equivalent to $X'$ , and the converse is also true (see, e.g., [103, Lem. 4.5]), where we denote by $\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(X)$ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(X)$ ) the subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ consisting of all objects being direct summands of a coproduct (resp. of a product) of copies of X.

Lemma 2.2. An object $T \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is silting if and only if the following conditions hold:

1. (1) ,

2. (2) , and

3. (3) is closed under coproducts.

Proof. See [103, Prop. 4.13].

Lemma 2.3. A pure-injective object $C \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is cosilting if and only if the following conditions hold:

1. (1) ,

2. (2) , and

3. (3) is closed under products.

Proof. The assumptions imply by [15, Lem. 4.8] that there is a t-structure of the form in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Since and , it follows that . It remains to show the converse inclusion. Let and consider the triangle $uX \to X \to vX \to \Sigma uX$ with $uX \in \mathcal {U}$ and . Since both X and $uX$ belong to , we see that . But then . Therefore, $X \cong uX \in \mathcal {U}$ .

Remark 2.4. Alonso Tarrío, Jeremías López, and Souto Salorio [3, Th. 3.4] proved that, for an object X in the unbounded derived category of a Grothendieck category, there exists a t-structure whose aisle is the smallest subcategory containing X and closed under extensions, suspensions, and coproducts. This fact, which is essential for [103, Prop. 4.13], has been extended by Neeman [93, Th. 2.3] to well generated triangulated categories. Consequently, we may replace $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ in Lemma 2.2 by a well-generated triangulated category. On the other hand, the proof of Lemma 2.3 will work when $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is replaced by a compactly generated triangulated category $\mathcal {T}$ as [15, Lem. 4.8] is proved for $\mathcal {T}$ .

Let $X=(\ldots \to X^{i-1} \to X^i\to X^{i+1}\to \dots )$ be a complex of R-modules. We say that X is bounded above (resp. bounded below) if $X^i=0$ for $i\gg 0$ (resp. $i\ll 0$ ). If X is bounded above and below, it is called bounded.

Proposition 2.5. Let T be a bounded complex of projective R-modules. Then T is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ if and only if the following conditions hold:

1. (1) , and

2. (2) all bounded complexes of projective R-modules belong to the smallest triangulated subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ containing $\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T)$ .

Proof. See [14, Exam. 2.9(4) and Prop. 4.2] or [6, Prop. 5.3].

Proposition 2.6. Let C be a bounded complex of injective R-modules. Then C is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ if and only if the following conditions hold:

1. (1) , and

2. (2) all bounded complexes of injective R-modules belong to the smallest triangulated subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ containing $\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(C)$ .

Proof. This is stated in [6, Prop. 6.8(2)] with a sketch proof, and the “if” part follows from [78, Prop. 3.10]. Let us prove the “only if” part in a little more detail. Assume that C is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Then we have the t-structure and , so (1) holds. By assumption, we have $C\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{>n}(R)$ for some integer n. Thus $\Sigma ^{i}C\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{>n}(R)$ for all $i\leq 0$ . It follows that . Applying to this inclusion, we have , which implies (2) by [121, Prop. 2.10].

If a bounded complex T of projective R-modules (resp. a bounded complex C of injective R-modules) satisfies the two conditions in Proposition 2.5 (resp. Proposition 2.6), then T (resp. C) is called a silting complex (resp. a cosilting complex); see, e.g., [6, Defs. 5.1 and 6.1]. By the propositions, a silting (resp. cosilting) complex is a silting (resp. cosilting) object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , but in general, the latter may not be isomorphic to any bounded complex of projective (resp. injective) modules (see Example 5.5).

Remark 2.7. Let $\mathcal {T}$ be a triangulated category with small coproducts (resp. small products), and let $\mathcal {S}_0$ be a subcategory of $\mathcal {T}$ closed under small coproducts (resp. small products). Let $\mathcal {S}$ be the smallest triangulated subcategory of $\mathcal {T}$ containing $\mathcal {S}_0$ . Then, for any object $X\in \mathcal {S}$ and any cardinal $\varkappa $ , the coproduct $X^{(\varkappa )}$ (resp. the product $X^\varkappa $ ) belongs to $\mathcal {S}$ . This fact follows from the construction of $\mathcal {S}$ by [73, §3.3, Lem. (1)] along with [88, Prop. 1.2.1 and Rem. 1.2.2]. It also follows that $\mathcal {S}$ is a thick subcategory, that is, a triangulated subcategory closed under direct summands (see, e.g., [6, Lem. 3.6]). Hence we have ${\mathcal {S}=\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}} (\mathcal {S}_0)}$ , where $\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}} (\mathcal {S}_0)$ denotes the smallest triangulated subcategory containing $\mathcal {S}_0$ and closed under direct summands.

By the above observation applied to $\mathcal {T}:=\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , Proposition 2.5(2) is equivalent to the condition that $R\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}} (\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}} (T))$ . Dually, Proposition 2.6(2) is equivalent to the condition that $E\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}} (\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}} (C))$ , where E is an injective cogenerator of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ .

Let l be a positive integer. By an l-term silting complex (resp. an l-term cosilting complex), we mean a silting (resp. cosilting) complex concentrated degrees from k to $l+k-1$ for some integer k. If an object X in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is isomorphic to a silting (resp. cosilting) complex, then X is called a bounded silting object (resp. a bounded cosilting object); cf. [103, Def. 4.15 and Prop. 4.17]. A silting (resp. cosilting) object X in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is isomorphic to an l-term silting complex (resp. an l-term cosilting complex) if and only if the induced t-structure is $(l-1)$ -intermediate (see [14, Def. 4.1 and Lem. 4.5] and [103, Lem. 4.5 and Prop. 4.17]); in particular, X is a bounded silting object (resp. a bounded cosilting object) if and only if the induced t-structure is intermediate.

2.1.4.

A silting object T is called of finite type provided that there is a set $\mathcal {S}$ of compact objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ such that . A cosilting object C is called of cofinite type provided that there is a set $\mathcal {S}$ of compact objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ such that . Any bounded silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is of finite type by Proposition 2.5 and [78, Th. 3.6], while any bounded cosilting object is pure-injective by Proposition 2.6 and [78, Prop. 3.10].

A silting t-structure of finite type refers to a t-structure which is induced by a silting object of finite type, and a cosilting t-structure of cofinite type refers to a t-structure which is induced by a cosilting object of cofinite type. We remark that there is a known equality:

(2.2) $$ \begin{align} \begin{Bmatrix} \text{cosilting t-structures}\\ \text{of cofinite type}\\ \text{in }\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} \text{nondegenerate}\\ \text{compactly generated}\\ \text{t-structures in }\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \end{Bmatrix}. \end{align} $$

The inclusion “ $\subseteq $ ” is clear, and the converse inclusion follows from [15, Th. 3.5] and Remark 2.1.

2.1.5.

Let S be a commutative ring, and let R be an S-algebra, that is, R is a ring endowed with a ring homomorphism $S\to R$ whose image is contained in the center of R. Let E be an injective cogenerator of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} S$ and denote by $(-)^+$ the contravariant functor ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_S(-,E)$ from $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R^{\mathrm {op}})$ , where $R^{\mathrm {op}}$ is the opposite ring of R. Given a silting object T of finite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , $T^+$ is a cosilting object of cofinite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R^{\mathrm {op}})$ . This assignment gives rise to an injection from the equivalence classes of silting objects of finite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to the equivalence classes of cosilting objects of cofinite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R^{\mathrm {op}})$ . Moreover, this injection restricts to a bijection from the equivalence classes of bounded silting objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and the equivalence classes of bounded cosilting objects of cofinite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R^{\mathrm {op}})$ . See [10, Th. 3.3]. Note that every bounded silting object is of finite type as mentioned in Section 2.1.4.

2.1.6.

Let $T \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ be a silting object and denote by $\mathcal {H}_T$ the heart of the t-structure induced by T. Then $\mathcal {H}_T$ has a projective generator (see [103, Prop. 4.3]), and the inclusion $\mathcal {H}_T \hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ extends to a triangulated functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(\mathcal {H}_T) \to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ called a realization functor (see [103, Th. 3.11]). This can be regarded as a functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(\mathcal {H}_T)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(R)$ between the bounded derived categories if the silting object T is bounded (see [103, Lem. 4.14]). The realization functor is in principle not unique and depends on the choice of an “f-enhancement” of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . See [103, §3] for details. We also remark that the existence of a realization functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathcal {H}_T) \to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ between the unbounded derived categories has been established in [118, §6].

The dual theory for a cosilting object $C \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is also available in the references above. We note that if the cosilting object C is bounded, then not only does the associated heart $\mathcal {H}_C$ admit an injective cogenerator, but it is in fact a Grothendieck category (see [78, Prop. 3.10]). This fact more generally holds as far as the cosilting object C is pure-injective (see [75, Th. 4.6]), where recall that every bounded cosilting object is pure-injective as mentioned in Section 2.1.4.

If the cosilting object C is of cofinite type, then C is pure-injective (see [75, Th. 4.6]) and $\mathcal {H}_C$ is a locally finitely presentable Grothendieck category (Remark 2.1). In general, a bounded cosilting object may not be of cofinite type (see [78, Exam. 3.12]), but if R is a commutative noetherian ring, then every pure-injective cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is of cofinite type as shown by the first and second authors (see [62, Cor. 2.14]). All the cosilting objects we consider for commutative noetherian rings in this paper are of cofinite type, and so the induced hearts are locally finitely presentable Grothendieck categories.

2.1.7.

A silting object $T\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called tilting provided that . Assume that T is a bounded silting object, and let $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(\mathcal {H}_T)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(R)$ be a realization functor. Then T is tilting if and only if the realization functor is a triangulated equivalence; see [103, Cor. 5.2] (which is stated for a realization functor with respect to a specific f-enhancement [103, Exam. 3.2], but its proof works for any f-enhancement of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ ). The realization functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathcal {H}_T)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ due to Virili is also a triangulated equivalence if and only if T is tilting (see [118, Th. 7.12]).

We remark that a similar theory so far does not seem to be fully developed for silting objects which are not bounded. It at least holds that, given a silting object $T\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and a realization functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(\mathcal {H}_T)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , T is tilting if and only if the realization functor is fully faithful (see [103, Prop. 5.1]).

A cosilting object C is called cotilting provided that . There are analogous results about realization functors and derived equivalences (see the references above).

If a silting (resp. cosilting) complex X is a tilting (resp. cotilting) object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then X is called a tilting complex (resp. a cotilting complex). A bounded tilting object (resp. a bounded cotilting object) $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ means a bounded silting object (resp. a bounded cosilting object) which is tilting (resp. cotilting) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Remark 2.8. An R-module M is tilting (resp. cotilting) in the sense of [7] if and only if M is a bounded tilting object (resp. a bounded cotilting object) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by Proposition 2.5 and [119, Cor. 3.7] (resp. Proposition 2.6 and [121, Prop. 2.6]). If a tilting (resp. cotilting) module has projective (resp. injective) dimension at most n, then it is called n-tilting (resp. n-cotilting).

2.2. Bousfield localization

A triangulated functor $\lambda : \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called a (Bousfield) localization functor if there exists a morphism $\eta :\operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}\to \lambda $ such that $\lambda \eta : \lambda \to \lambda ^2$ is invertible and $\lambda \eta =\eta \lambda $ . If $\lambda :\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a localization functor, then $(\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} \lambda , \operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} \lambda )$ is a stable t-structure. In particular, $\operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} \lambda $ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} \lambda $ ) is a reflective (resp. coreflective) subcategory, that is, the inclusion functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} \lambda \hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} \lambda \hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ ) admits a left (resp. right) adjoint, where $\lambda $ can be naturally regarded as the left adjoint $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \to \operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} \lambda $ . Conversely, given a stable t-structure $(\mathcal {L},\mathcal {C})$ , by definition, the inclusion functors $\mathcal {L} \hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and $\mathcal {C} \hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ admit a right adjoint $\gamma : \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \mathcal {L}$ and a left adjoint $\lambda :\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \mathcal {C}$ respectively, where $\gamma $ and $\lambda $ are triangulated (see [88, Lem. 5.3.6]). Further, if $\lambda $ is interpreted as the composition $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\xrightarrow {\lambda } \mathcal {C}\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then the functor $\lambda : \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a localization functor. Dually, if $\gamma $ is interpreted as the composition $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\xrightarrow {\gamma } \mathcal {L}\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then the functor $\gamma : \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a colocalization functor, that is, the counit morphism $\varepsilon : \gamma \to \operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}$ satisfies that $\gamma \varepsilon : \gamma ^2\to \gamma $ is invertible and $\gamma \varepsilon =\varepsilon \gamma $ . See [74, Prop. 4.9.1] for details.

A triangulated subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called localizing (resp. colocalizing) if it is closed under small coproducts (resp. small products). Given a subcategory $\mathcal {X}$ , the pair is a stable t-structure if and only if $\mathcal {X}$ is a coreflective localizing subcategory; similarly, the pair is a stable t-structure if and only if $\mathcal {X}$ is a reflective colocalizing subcategory. A localization functor $\lambda : \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is called smashing if it commutes with small coproducts, or equivalently, if $\operatorname {\mathrm {Im}} \lambda $ is closed under small coproducts. In this case, $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} \lambda $ is called a smashing subcategory.

Now, assume that R is a commutative noetherian ring. The theorem of Neeman [86, Th. 2.8] asserts that localizing subcategories of the derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ are in bijective correspondence with subsets of the Zariski spectrum $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . If $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is the subset corresponding to a localizing subcategory $\mathcal {L}$ , then $\mathcal {L}$ is the smallest localizing subcategory containing the small set $\{\kappa (\mathfrak {p}) \mid \mathfrak {p}\in W\}$ , where $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}) = R_{\mathfrak {p}}/\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Thus, it also follows that every localizing subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is coreflective (see [74, §§5.1 and 7.2]). In other words, is a stable t-structure.

This correspondence can be described by using an invariant in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . The support of a complex $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is the set

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{supp}} X := \{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R \mid \kappa(\mathfrak{p}) {\otimes}_R^{\mathbf{L}} X \neq 0\}.\end{align*}$$

Note that $\operatorname {\mathrm {supp}} X=\emptyset $ if and only if $X=0$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by [86, Lem. 2.12]. For each $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , the subcategory

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{L}_W := \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{supp}} X \subseteq W\}\end{align*}$$

is localizing, and the bijection due to Neeman is given by $W\mapsto \mathcal {L}_W$ . As mentioned above, $\mathcal {L}_W$ is coreflective, so the inclusion functor $\mathcal {L}_W\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ admits a right adjoint, which we denote by $\gamma _W:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \mathcal {L}_W$ . Since the pair is a stable t-structure, the inclusion admits a left adjoint, which we denote by . Regarding this functor as the composition , we obtain a localization functor $\lambda _W:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . By [86, Th. 3.3], the localization functor $\lambda _W$ is smashing if and only if W is specialization closed, that is, W is an upper subset of the poset $(\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R,\subseteq )$ , or equivalently, W is an arbitrary union of Zariski closed subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . To understand $\lambda _W$ from another viewpoint, let us use a dual invariant to the notion of support.

The cosupport of a complex $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is the set

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{cosupp}} X := \{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R \mid {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}),X) \neq 0\}.\end{align*}$$

Note that $\operatorname {\mathrm {cosupp}} X=\emptyset $ if and only if $X=0$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by [86, Th. 2.8]. For each $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , the subcategory

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{C}^{W} := \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{cosupp}} X \subseteq W\}\end{align*}$$

is colocalizing (and in fact every colocalizing subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is of this form by [92]). Since the localizing subcategory $\mathcal {L}_{W^c}$ for $W^{\mathrm {c}}:=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\setminus W$ is generated by $\{\kappa (\mathfrak {p}) \mid \mathfrak {p} \in W^{\mathrm {c}}\}$ , we have

Denote by $\lambda ^W : \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \mathcal {C}^{W}$ the left adjoint to the inclusion functor , that is,

$$\begin{align*}\lambda^W := \lambda_{W^{\mathrm{c}}}.\end{align*}$$

By definition, $(\mathcal {L}_{W^{\mathrm {c}}}, \mathcal {C}^W)$ is a stable t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , so we have the approximation triangle

(2.3) $$ \begin{align} \gamma_{W^{\mathrm{c}}}X\to X\to \lambda^{W}X\to \Sigma\gamma_{W^{\mathrm{c}}}X \end{align} $$

for every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

If $W_0\subseteq W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then $\mathcal {L}_{W_0}\subseteq \mathcal {L}_W$ , so we have

(2.4) $$ \begin{align} \gamma_{W_0}\gamma_{W}\cong \gamma_{W_0}\cong \gamma_{W}\gamma_{W_0}\hspace{8pt}\text{and}\hspace{8pt}\lambda^{W_0}\lambda^{W}\cong\lambda^{W_0}\cong \lambda^{W}\lambda^{W_0} \end{align} $$

by a standard argument (see [84, Rem. 3.7(i)] and [85, Rem. 2.7(ii)]).

If $V\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is a specialization closed subset, then the following equalities hold:

(2.5)

which can be deduced from [86, Th. 3.3].

A subset $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is called generalization closed if its complement $W^{\mathrm {c}}$ is specialization closed. If we take the generalization closed subset $U(\mathfrak {p}) := \{\mathfrak {q} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \mid \mathfrak {q} \subseteq \mathfrak {p}\}$ for a prime ideal $\mathfrak {p}$ , then

(2.6) $$ \begin{align} \gamma_{U(\mathfrak{p})}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, -)\hspace{8pt}\text{and}\hspace{8pt}\lambda^{U(\mathfrak{p})}\cong -{\otimes}_RR_{\mathfrak{p}} \end{align} $$

(see, e.g., [84, p. 2584] and [85, (2.8)]).

For an R-module M, define $\operatorname {\mathrm {Supp}} M:=\{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \mid M_{\mathfrak {p}}\neq 0\}$ , which we refer to as the classical support of M. Let V be a specialization closed subset V, and denote by $\Gamma _V: \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ the functor that assigns to each R-module M the submodule $\Gamma _V M:=\{x\in M \mid \operatorname {\mathrm {Supp}} Rx \subseteq V\}$ (see [52, Chap. IV, §1, Variation 1]). It is well known that

(2.7) $$ \begin{align} \gamma_V\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_V\hspace{8pt}\text{and}\hspace{8pt}\lambda^V\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_VR,-)\end{align} $$

(see [77, Prop. 3.5.7] and [28, Prop. 8.3]). Note that $({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_VR)\mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits X\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_VX$ for every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see [77, Prop. 3.5.5(ii)]), and so $\lambda ^V:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a right adjoint to $\gamma _V:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , by (2.7) and tensor-hom adjunction.

If we take the Zariski closed subset $V(I):= \{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \mid I \subseteq \mathfrak {p}\}$ for an ideal I, then

(2.8) $$ \begin{align} \gamma_{V(I)}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_I\hspace{8pt}\text{and}\hspace{8pt}\lambda^{V(I)}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^I, \end{align} $$

where $\Gamma _{I}$ is the I-torsion functor $\varinjlim _{n\geq 1}{\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R/I^n,-)$ and $\Lambda ^I$ is the I-adic completion functor $\varprojlim _{n\geq 1} (-{\otimes }_R R/I^n)$ . The first isomorphism of (2.8) follows from the isomorphism $\Gamma _{I}\cong \Gamma _{V(I)}$ of functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ (see [52, Chap. V, Cor. 4.2] or [53, Chap. II, Exer. 5.6]). The second isomorphism of (2.8) follows from (2.7) and the isomorphism

(2.9) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{I}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{I} R,- ), \end{align} $$

which is known as Greenlees–May duality ([50]); see [77, §4] or [108, Cor. 9.2.4]. In particular, this fact ensures that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{I}:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a right adjoint to ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{I}:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Moreover, there are isomorphisms

(2.10) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{I}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^I\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_I~\text{ and }~ {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^I{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{I}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^I; \end{align} $$

see [108, Th. 9.1.3] (cf. [2, Cor. 5.1.1]). More generally, we have $\gamma _V\lambda ^V \cong \gamma _V$ and $\lambda ^V\gamma _V \cong \lambda ^V$ for a specialization closed subset V by a formal argument using (2.3) and (2.5).

Let I be an ideal of R and $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_t$ be a system of generators of I. For each $x_i$ , consider the complex $(R \to R_{x_i})$ concentrated in degrees $0$ and $1$ , where the map $R \to R_{x_i}$ is the localization $R\to S^{-1}R$ with respect to the multiplicatively closed subset S generated by $x_i$ . The (extended) Čech complex with respect to $\boldsymbol {x}$ is the complex $\check {C}(\boldsymbol {x}):=\bigotimes _{i=1}^n (R \to R_{x_i})$ . For every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , there is a natural isomorphism

(2.11) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{I}X\cong \check{C}(\boldsymbol{x}) {\otimes}_R X \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see, e.g., [77, §3.1]).

Notation 2.9. For each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we fix once and for all a system of generators $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_t$ of $\mathfrak {p}$ , and write $\check {C}(\mathfrak {p}):=\check {C}(\boldsymbol {x})$ .

2.3. Depth and width

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let X be a complex of R-modules. The infimum and supremum of X are defined as

$$\begin{align*}\inf X:= \inf\{n\in \mathbb{Z} \mid H^n(X)\neq 0\} \text{ and } \mathrm{sup}\, X:= \sup\{n\in \mathbb{Z} \mid H^n(X)\neq 0\},\end{align*}$$

respectively, where $\inf\, X=\infty $ and $\mathrm {sup}\,X=-\infty $ if X is acyclic (i.e., $H^n(X) =0$ for all $i\in \mathbb {Z}$ ). Let I be an ideal of R, and take a system of generators $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_t$ of I. For each $x_i$ , consider the complex $(R \xrightarrow {\cdot x_i} R)$ concentrated in degrees $-1$ and $0$ . The Koszul complex with respect to $\boldsymbol {x}$ is the complex $K(\boldsymbol {x}):=\bigotimes _{i=1}^n (R \xrightarrow {\cdot x_i} R)$ . By [46, Ths. 2.1 and 4.1], the following hold:

(2.12) $$ \begin{align} &\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{I}X=\inf{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R/I,X)=\inf{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(K(\boldsymbol{x}),X)\text{ and} \end{align} $$

(2.13) $$ \begin{align} &\!\!\!\mathrm{sup}\,{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{I}X=\mathrm{sup}\,((R/I)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits X)=\mathrm{sup}\, (K(\boldsymbol{x}){\otimes}_R X).\qquad\quad \end{align} $$

The I-depth and I-width of X are defined as

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R(I,X):=\inf\, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{I}X \text{ and } \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(I,X):=-\mathrm{sup}\,{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{I}X,\end{align*}$$

respectively. If R is a local ring with maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ , the depth and width of X are defined as

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R X:=\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R(\mathfrak{m}, X) \text{ and } \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R X:=\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{m}, X),\end{align*}$$

respectively.

For a specialization closed subset W of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , the W-depth of X is defined as

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R(W,X):=\inf{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_WX\end{align*}$$

(see [52, Chap. IV, §2]). Given an ideal I of R with $V(I)\subseteq W$ , we have ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V(I)}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{W}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V(I)}$ (see (2.4) or Remark 4.2). Hence $\inf {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{W}X\leq \inf {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_IX=\operatorname {\mathrm {depth}}_R(I,X)$ . Conversely, if there is an integer n such that $n\leq \inf {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V(I)}X$ for every ideal I with $V(I)\subseteq W$ , then $n\leq \inf {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_WX$ since for each complex Y, $\Gamma _WY$ can be written as $\varinjlim _{V(I)\subseteq W}\Gamma _IY$ in the category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ of complexes of R-modules, where I runs through all ideals of R with $V(I)\subseteq W$ . Thus it holds that

(2.14) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R(W,X)=\inf \{\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R(I,X) \mid V(I)\subseteq W\}. \end{align} $$

By using (2.14) and [46, Props. 2.10 and 2.11], we can easily deduce that

(2.15) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R(W,X)=\inf \{\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}X_{\mathfrak{p}} \mid \mathfrak{p} \in W\}&=\inf \{\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_R (\mathfrak{p}, X) \mid \mathfrak{p} \in W\}. \end{align} $$

A similar phenomenon to the above can not be expected for width and a specialization closed subset W. Nevertheless, we define the W-width of a complex $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ as

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(W,X):= -\mathrm{sup}\,\lambda^WX,\end{align*}$$

where $\lambda ^WX\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_WR,X)$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see (2.7)). If $W=V(J)$ for some ideal J, then $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_R(W,X)=\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_R(J,X)$ by (2.8). In general, there is an inequality

$$\begin{align*}\mathrm{sup}\,{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^I X \leq \mathrm{sup}\,\lambda^WX\end{align*}$$

for every ideal I with $V(I)\subseteq W$ by (2.4), and hence

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}(W,X)\leq \inf \{\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(I,X) \mid V(I)\subseteq W\}. \end{align*} $$

As described in Remark 2.10, there are a specialization closed subset W and a complex X such that $\mathrm {sup}\,X< \mathrm {sup}\,\lambda ^WX$ , while $\mathrm {sup}\,{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^I X \leq \mathrm {sup}\,X$ for every ideal I with $V(I)\subseteq W$ , so it can happen that

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(W,X)<-\mathrm{sup}\,X\leq \inf \{\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(I,X) \mid V(I)\subseteq W\}.\end{align*}$$

Remark 2.10. Recall that there is a (commutative noetherian) integral domain R of finite global dimension such that the projective dimension of $R_{(0)}$ over R is greater than one (see [66, Th. 2] or [97, §6]). Letting $W:=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\setminus \{(0)\}$ , we obtain a triangle

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{(0)}, X) \to X \to \lambda^{W}X \to \Sigma {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{(0)}, X) \end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where $\gamma _{W^{\mathrm {c}}}X\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{(0)}, X)$ (see (2.3) and (2.6)). Since the projective dimension of $R_{(0)}$ is greater than one, we can choose X as an R-module such that $\mathrm {sup}\, {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{(0)}, X)>1$ , and then $\mathrm {sup}\,\lambda ^WX>0$ by the above triangle. Thus it happens that $0=\mathrm {sup}\,X<\mathrm {sup}\,\lambda ^WX$ .

2.4. Sp-filtrations

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. An sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is a map $\Phi : \mathbb {Z} \rightarrow 2^{\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}$ such that $\Phi (n)$ is a specialization closed subset of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\Phi (n) \supseteq \Phi (n+1)$ for every $n \in \mathbb {Z}$ . An sp-filtration $\Phi $ is nondegenerate if $\bigcup _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\Phi (n) = \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\bigcap _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\Phi (n) = \emptyset $ , where the former condition is equivalent to $\Phi (n) = \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ for some $n \in \mathbb {Z}$ , since R has only finitely many minimal prime ideals.

Remark 2.11. To each sp-filtration $\Phi $ , assign a function $\mathsf {f}_\Phi : \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}$ given by

$$\begin{align*}\mathsf{f}_{\Phi}(\mathfrak{p}) := \mathrm{sup}\,\{n\in \mathbb{Z} \mid \mathfrak{p} \in \Phi(n)\}+1\end{align*}$$

for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . By definition, $\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ is order-preserving, that is, $\mathfrak {p} \subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ implies $\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p}) \leq \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {q})$ . Then the assignment $\Phi \mapsto \mathsf {f}_\Phi $ yields a bijection from the sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ to the order-preserving functions $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}$ . ¹ The inverse map is described as follows. To each order-preserving function $\mathsf {f}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}$ , assign an sp-filtration $\Phi _{\mathsf {f}}: \mathbb {Z} \to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ given by

$$\begin{align*}\Phi_{\mathsf{f}}(n) := \{ \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R \mid \mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})>n\}\end{align*}$$

for each $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ .

Notice that non-degeneracy of an sp-filtration $\Phi $ is equivalent to that the function $\mathsf {f}_\Phi : \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z} \cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}$ corestricts to a function $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}$ .

By [4, Ths. 3.10 and 3.11], there is a bijection

(2.16)

given by $\Phi \mapsto (\mathcal {U}_\Phi ,\mathcal {V}_\Phi ),$ where

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{U}_{\Phi} &:= \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{Supp}} H^n(X) \subseteq \Phi(n)~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \text{ and }\\ \mathcal{V}_{\Phi} &:= \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_{R}(\Phi(n),X)>n~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z}\}. \end{align*} $$

To describe a set of compact objects generating each t-structure $(\mathcal {U}_\Phi , \mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ , we use the following notation.

Notation 2.12. For each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we fix once and for all a system of generators $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_t$ of $\mathfrak {p}$ (as in Notation 2.9), and write $K(\mathfrak {p}):=K(\boldsymbol {x})$ .

Let $\Phi $ be an sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , and let

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{S}_{\Phi}:=\{\Sigma^{-n}K(\mathfrak{p})\mid n\in \mathbb{Z}, \mathfrak{p}\in \Phi(n) \}.\end{align*}$$

Using (2.12) and (2.15), we can show that

(2.17)

In particular, the t-structure $(\mathcal {U}_\Phi , \mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ is (compactly) generated by $\mathcal {S}_{\Phi }$ . (2.17) is stated in [114, Prop. 4.14] (cf. [4, Cor. 3.9 and Th. 3.10]).

We remark that an sp-filtration $\Phi $ is nondegenerate if and only if the t-structure $(\mathcal {U}_\Phi , \mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ is nondegenerate (see the proof of [10, Th. 3.8]). Hence, combining (2.2) and (2.16), we obtain the bijection

(2.18)

given by $\Phi \mapsto (\mathcal {U}_\Phi , \mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ .

We can also classify silting t-structures of finite type by using nondegenerate sp-filtrations as in [10, Th. 3.8]. For the reader’s sake, we here give a more direct proof of this fact, describing the classification explicitly. Let $\Phi $ be an sp-filtration. Applying $(-)^*:={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(-,R)$ to each object in $\mathcal {S}_{\Phi }$ , we obtain the set of compact objects

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{S}_{\Phi}^*:=\{\Sigma^{n}(K(\mathfrak{p})^*)\mid n\in \mathbb{Z}, \mathfrak{p}\in \Phi(n) \}.\end{align*}$$

By [114, Th. 4.15], the assignment yields a bijection from the sp-filtrations to the compactly generated co-t-structures in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . ² Further, there is a t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ of the form by [114, Th. 3.11] (see also [10, Th. 3.1 and Lem. 3.2] and the two paragraphs after [10, Exam. 2.9]). Then we see that the assignment yields an injective map from the sp-filtrations to the t-structures in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . The t-structure is nondegenerate if and only if it is induced by a silting object, which is of finite type by definition (see [6, Th. 4.11]). Moreover, non-degeneracy of the t-structure is equivalent to non-degeneracy of $\Phi $ ; this fact follows from [10, Th. 3.1 and Lem. 3.2] along with (2.16) and (2.18). Therefore, the map given by restricts to an injective map from the nondegenerate sp-filtrations to the silting t-structures of finite type. On the other hand, given a silting t-structure $(\mathcal {Y}, \mathcal {W})$ of finite type, there is a compactly generated co-t-structure of the form by [1, Th. 4.3] (see also the third paragraph of [10, p. 688]). Then [114, Th. 4.15] implies that for some sp-filtration $\Phi $ , so that . Now, we define

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{Y}_\Phi:=\{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_{R}(\mathfrak{p},X)>n~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z}~\forall \mathfrak{p}\in \Phi(n)\}, \end{align*}$$

and remark that

(2.19)

for each sp-filtration $\Phi $ (see (2.13) and the proof of [114, Th. 4.15]). Then it follows from the above argument that there is a bijection

(2.20)

given by .

Given a nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi $ , the t-structures $(\mathcal {U}_\Phi , \mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ and are induced by some cosilting object C and some silting object T, respectively, by (2.18) and (2.20), but the classifications do not concretely tell us what C and T are in general. One of our main purposes is to explicitly realize such a cosilting object and a silting object under some assumption on $\Phi $ .

We will first deal with the silting side in Sections 3 and 4. When we next deal with the cosilting side in Section 5, it will be important to know that the injection mentioned in Section 2.1.5 becomes bijective for any commutative noetherian ring R. That is, there is a bijection

(2.21).

given by $T\mapsto T^+$ , where $(-)^+:={\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(-,E)$ and E is any injective cogenerator E in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ (see [10, Th. 3.8] and the last paragraph of Section 2.1.6). This bijection is compatible with (2.18) and (2.20) in the following sense: If T is a silting object with for a nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi $ , then $T^{+}$ is a cosilting object with (see [10, Ths. 3.2 and 3.3], (2.17), and (2.19)).

Remark 2.13. Let S, R, and E be as in Section 2.1.5. Then R is a tilting object of finite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and it induces the standard t-structure $(\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq 0}(R), \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{>0}(R))$ , while $R^{+}:={\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_S(R,E)$ is a cotilting object of cofinite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R^{\mathrm {op}})$ and it induces the (shifted) standard t-structure $(\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq -1}(R^{\mathrm {op}}), \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{> -1}(R^{\mathrm {op}}))$ .

If R is a commutative noetherian ring and $S=R$ , these t-structures can be described by a nondegenerate sp-filtration, as explained above. Indeed, take the sp-filtration $\Phi $ defined by $\Phi (n):= \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ for $n\leq -1$ and $\Phi (n):= \emptyset $ for $n>-1$ . Then $(\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\leq -1}(R), \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{> -1}(R))=(\mathcal {U}_\Phi , \mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ clearly, so by (2.21).

2.5. Dualizing complexes

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. We state here various facts about dualizing complexes. We allow them to have infinite injective dimension, following Neeman’s approach [90, Def. 3.1].

2.5.1.

We say that a complex X of R-module is cohomologically bounded if $H^i(X)=0$ for all $i\ll 0$ and $i\gg 0$ . We denote by $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ the subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ formed by cohomologically bounded complexes X with finitely generated cohomology modules.

A complex $D\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}} (R)$ is called a dualizing complex for R if the functor ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(-,D):\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)^{\mathrm {op}}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ induces a duality , or equivalently, if for every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}} (R)$ , we have ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(X,D)\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}} (R)$ and the canonical morphism ${X\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(X,D),D)}$ is an isomorphism (see [90, Prop. 3.6]).

Remark 2.14. Recall that a complex D of R-modules is called a pointwise dualizing complex for R if $D_{\mathfrak {p}}=R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D$ is a dualizing complex for $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ at each point $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . A complex D of R-modules is a dualizing complex in our sense if and only if D is a pointwise dualizing complex and cohomologically bounded. This characterization is due to Gabber (see [37, Lem. 3.1.5]) and he called a complex satisfying the latter conditions a strongly pointwise dualizing complex, as stated in [90, Footnote 1]. See also [19, Th. 6.2.2], where the above characterization is recovered.

We say that a dualizing complex is classical if it is isomorphic to a bounded complex of injective modules. A complex of R-modules is a classical dualizing complex if and only if it is a pointwise dualizing complex and R has finite Krull dimension (see [52, Chap. V, Cor. 7.2, and Prop. 8.2]). In the literature, dualizing complexes usually refer to classical ones.

If D is a pointwise dualizing complex, then, for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , there is a unique integer $\mathsf {d}_D(\mathfrak {p})$ such that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^{\mathsf {d}_D(\mathfrak {p})}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}), D_{\mathfrak {p}})\neq 0$ (see [52, pp. 282 and 287]). Moreover, it holds that

(2.22) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} D_{\mathfrak{p}} \cong\Sigma^{-\mathsf{d}_D(\mathfrak{p})}E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}) \end{align} $$

for each $\mathfrak {p}$ (see [52, Chap. V and Prop. 6.1]), where $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ stands for the injective hull of $R/\mathfrak {p}$ over R.

If D and $D'$ are dualizing complexes for R, then there is an invertible complex $L\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (in the sense of [19, §5]) such that $D \cong D' {\otimes }_R^{\mathbf {L}} L$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ ; see [90, Lem. 3.9] and [19, Prop. 5.1] (cf. [52, Chap. V, Th. 3.1]). In particular, if R is local and admits a dualizing complex D, then D is uniquely determined in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ up to shift and isomorphism.

Notation 2.15. If R is a local ring having a dualizing complex, we denote by $D_R$ a dualizing complex for R such that $\inf D_R=0$ .

Remark 2.16. Suppose that R admits a dualizing complex D.

1. (1) If S is a multiplicatively closed subset of R, then $S^{-1}R{\otimes }_R D$ is a dualizing complex for $S^{-1}R$ .

2. (2) If R is local and $\mathfrak {m}$ is the maximal ideal of R, then $\widehat {R}\mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits D_R\cong \widehat {R} {\otimes }_R D_R\cong D_{\widehat {R}}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})$ (see [52, Chap. V, Cor. 3.5] and [79, Th. 8.14]), where $\widehat {R}:=\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}} R$ .

3. (3) If $R\to A$ is a homomorphism of commutative noetherian rings such that A is finitely generated as an R-module, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(A, D)\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(A)$ is a dualizing complex for A (see Remark 2.14 and [19, Cor. 6.2.4]). If R is a Gorenstein ring (i.e., $R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ has finite injective dimension over $R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ for every maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ ), then R itself is a dualizing complex for R (by Remark 2.14 and [52, Chap. V, Th. 9.1]), and hence, given any ideal I of R, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R/I, R)\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R/I)$ is a dualizing complex for $R/I$ .

If $(R,\mathfrak {m})$ is a local ring, then $\widehat {R}$ is a homomorphic image of a regular local ring by Cohen’s structure theorem (see [79, Th. 29.4(ii)]), so $\widehat {R}$ admits a dualizing complex (see [52, p. 299]).

2.5.2.

Recall that a complex X of R-modules is called minimal if every homotopy equivalence $X\to X$ is an isomorphism in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ (see [20, p. 397]). A complex X of R-modules is called K-projective (resp. K-injective, K-flat), if the functor ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(X,-)$ (resp. ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(-,X)$ , $-{\otimes }_RX$ ) from $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ to $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ preserves acyclicity of complexes (see [113]). Suppose that R admits a dualizing complex D. According to the proof of [52, Chap. I, Lem. 4.6(3)], one can construct a K-injective resolution $D\to I$ such that I is a minimal complex of injective modules with $I^n=0$ for $n<\inf D$ (see also [72, Appendix B]).

It essentially follows from (2.22) and the structure theorem of injective R-modules (see [79, Ths. 18.4 and 18.5]) that

$$\begin{align*}I^n \cong \bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\\ \mathsf{d}_D(\mathfrak{p})=n}} E_R(R/\mathfrak{p})\end{align*}$$

for every $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ . This well-known fact can be verified by noting that $R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R-$ and $\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}$ send every minimal complex of injective R-modules to a minimal complex of injective R-modules (see Remark 4.2 and [72, Lem. B.1]). If R is local and $D=D_R$ (as in Notation 2.15), then $\mathsf {d}_D(\mathfrak {p})=\dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {p}$ (see Section 2.5.3).

2.5.3.

A strictly increasing chain $\mathfrak {p}_0 \subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_1 \subsetneq \cdots \subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_n$ of prime ideals in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is said to be saturated if, for each i with $0\leq i<n$ , there is no prime ideal $\mathfrak {q}$ such that $\mathfrak {p}_i \subsetneq \mathfrak {q}\subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_{i+1}$ . A function $\mathsf {d}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}$ is called a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ if it satisfies that $\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}_1)=\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}_0) + 1$ for every saturated chain $\mathfrak {p}_0 \subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_1$ of length $1$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (see [52, p. 283]). Clearly, this definition is equivalent to that $\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}_n)=\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}_0) + n$ for every saturated chain $\mathfrak {p}_0 \subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_1 \subsetneq \cdots \subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_n$ of arbitrary length n in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . One can also characterize a codimension function as a function $\mathsf {d}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}$ satisfying $\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}_2)-\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}_1)=\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p}_2/\mathfrak {p}_1)$ for any inclusion $\mathfrak {p}_1 \subsetneq \mathfrak {p}_2$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , where $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p}_2/\mathfrak {p}_1)$ is the height of the prime ideal $\mathfrak {p}_2/\mathfrak {p}_1$ of $R/\mathfrak {p}_1$ .

Existence of a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ implies that R is catenary (see [52, p. 284]), that is, whenever $\mathfrak {p}$ and $\mathfrak {q}$ are prime ideals with $\mathfrak {p} \subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ , every saturated chain starting from $\mathfrak {p}$ and ending at $\mathfrak {q}$ has the same length. When a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ exists, $\mathsf {d}+c$ is a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ as well for any constant $c \in \mathbb {Z}$ , and $\mathsf {d}$ is uniquely determined up to constant if $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is connected (e.g., [69, Def. 5.1]). More precisely, given two codimension functions $\mathsf {d}$ and $\mathsf {d}'$ on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and a connected component S of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $\mathsf {d}-\mathsf {d}'$ is constant on S.

If R admits a pointwise dualizing complex D, the function given by $\mathfrak {p}\mapsto \mathsf {d}_D(\mathfrak {p})$ is a codimension function (see (2.22) and [52, p. 287]). There are cases where R may not admit a (pointwise) dualizing complex but a codimension function exists. Indeed, if R is Cohen–Macaulay (i.e., $\operatorname {\mathrm {depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak {m}}} R_{\mathfrak {m}}=\dim R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ for every maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ ), the height function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}$ is a codimension function by [79, Th. 17.4(i)] (see also the proof of [79, Th. 17.4(ii)]). Moreover, if R is catenary and local, the assignment $\mathfrak {p} \mapsto \dim R - \dim R/\mathfrak {p}$ defines a codimension function. We also remark that, when R is a one-dimensional ring, the height function and the function given by $\mathfrak {p}\mapsto \dim R - \dim R/\mathfrak {p}$ are both codimension functions, but R may not admit a dualizing complex (see Remark 6.16).

Example 2.17. Let k be a field.

1. (1) Let $R:=k[\![x]\!][y]$ and $\mathfrak {p}:=(1-xy)$ . Then $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=1$ and $\dim R/\mathfrak {p}=0$ , so $\dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {p}=2>\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ . Note that R is a dualizing complex for R and $\mathsf {d}_R=\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}$ . Since $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is connected, a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is unique up to a constant. Thus the function $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z}$ given by $\mathfrak {q} \mapsto \dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {q}$ is not a codimension function.

2. (2) Let $R:=k[\![x,y,z]\!]/(xy, xz)$ . Then $\dim R=2$ , and $\mathfrak {p}:=(y,z)\subseteq R$ is a minimal prime ideal, while $\dim R/\mathfrak {p}=1$ . Hence $\dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {p}=1>\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=0$ . The ring R is catenary and local, so the function $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z}$ given by $\mathfrak {q} \mapsto \dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {q}$ is a codimension function. Thus the height function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ is not a codimension function, since $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is connected.

2.5.4.

The existence of a dualizing complex allows us to use a powerful method, by which we can prove Theorems 1.1 and 1.2(1) under additional yet mild conditions in a very efficient way (see Remark 3.14). We denote by $\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R$ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R$ , $\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R$ ) the category of projective (resp. injective, flat) R-modules. For an additive subcategory $\mathcal {A}$ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ , we denote by $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\mathcal {A})$ the homotopy category of complexes of modules in $\mathcal {A}$ . The pure derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ of flat R-modules is defined as the Verdier quotient category of the homotopy category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ by the subcategory of pure acyclic complexes of flat modules (i.e., acyclic K-flat complexes of flat modules). If we regard $\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R$ as the exact category in a natural way, then $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ is the derived category of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R$ in the sense of [31, §10].

Under the existence of a classical dualizing complex D (being a bounded complex of injective modules), Iyengar and Krause [63, Th. 1] showed that the triangulated functor $D{\otimes }_R-: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ is an equivalence, where its quasi-inverse is given by composing ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(D,-):\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ with a right adjoint $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)$ to the inclusion $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ .

On the other hand, Neeman [89, Th. 1.2 and Facts 2.14] proved that the canonical functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ is a triangulated equivalence (for any ring) and pointed out that $D{\otimes }_R-: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ factors through the quotient functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ (see [89, Facts 2.17]).

As a consequence, if D is as above, then $D{\otimes }_R-: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ is a triangulated equivalence whose quasi-inverse is given by ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(D,-):\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ . In fact, Neeman [91, Cor. 3.19] extended the triangulated equivalence $D{\otimes }_R-: \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ to the case that D is a (strongly pointwise) dualizing complex (see Remark 2.14).

In conclusion, we have the following fact.

Theorem 2.18 [63], [89], and [91].

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring.

1. (1) The canonical functor

   $$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Proj}} R)\to \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)\end{align*}$$
   is a triangulated equivalence.

2. (2) Assume that R admits a dualizing complex D and that D is a bounded below complex of injective R-modules. Then the functor

   $$\begin{align*}D {\otimes}_R -: \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R) \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)\end{align*}$$
   is a triangulated equivalence whose quasi-inverse is given by
   $$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,-): \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R) \rightarrow \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R).\end{align*}$$

Remark 2.19. There is a fully faithful functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ , which is the composition of the canonical embedding $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)$ with the equivalence by Theorem 2.18(1). Given any K-flat complex X of flat R-modules and a K-projective complex $P\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)$ with a quasi-isomorphism $P\to X$ , the functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Proj}} R)$ replaces X by P, and the mapping cone of the quasi-isomorphism $P\to X$ is pure acyclic. Hence P and X are identified in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ . Then we see that the image of X by the functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ is X up to isomorphism.

On the other hand, the canonical functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ naturally induces a triangulated functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , which yields the canonical map ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)}(X,Y)\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X,Y)$ , where X and Y are complexes of flat R-modules. Suppose that X and Y are K-flat. Then this canonical map is bijective (as observed in the proof of [81, Th. 5.5] for schemes). Indeed, by the previous paragraph, we have the canonical bijection , and, composing it with the map ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)}(X,Y)\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X,Y)$ , we obtain the identity map on ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X,Y)$ ; the last fact can be easily verified because we may assume that X and Y are K-projective complexes of projective R-modules.

2.6. Lukas lemma for complexes

We here recall the Lukas lemma, which makes first extension groups vanish under some conditions. We use this technical lemma to handle arbitrary commutative noetherian rings of possibly infinite Krull dimension and their arbitrary sp-filtrations (cf. Remark 3.14 and Footnote 6).

Let R be an arbitrary ring and $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ , where $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ is the category of complexes of right R-modules. Let $\mathcal {C}$ be a subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ . A $\mathcal {C}$ -cofiltration of X is an inverse system $(X_\alpha , \pi _{\alpha , \beta } \mid \alpha \leq \beta \leq \delta )$ formed by an ordinal $\delta $ and epimorphisms $\pi _{\alpha , \beta }: X_{\beta }\to X_\alpha $ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ indexed by $\alpha \leq \beta \leq \delta $ such that the following conditions are satisfied:

1. (i) $X_\delta = X$ ,

2. (ii) $\varprojlim _{\alpha <\beta }X_\alpha =X_\beta $ for each limit ordinal $\beta \leq \delta $ , and

3. (iii) $X_0\in \mathcal {C}$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}}(\pi _{\alpha ,\alpha +1}) \in \mathcal {C}$ for every $\alpha <\delta.$

See [47, Def. 6.34(i)].

Lemma 2.20 (Lukas lemma).

Let $X, Y\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ and

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{C}:=\{Z\in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{C}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{Ext}}^1_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{C}}}(R)}(X,Z)=0\}.\end{align*}$$

If Y has a $\mathcal {C}$ -cofiltration, then $Y\in \mathcal {C}$ .

Proof. See [47, Lem. 6.37], which is proved for modules, but the proof also works for complexes.

We close this section by giving an interpretation of this lemma from the view point of the derived category. What we need for this purpose is the equivalence ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X,Y)=0\Leftrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}(\Sigma P,Y)=0$ for $X,Y\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ and a K-projective resolution $P\to X$ such that P consists of projective modules (cf. [43, Cor. 3.3]). We state this classical fact in a better way, which is also well known to specialists.

Given $X,Y\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ , there is a canonical morphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}(X,Y)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}(\Sigma X,Y)$ of abelian groups, which assigns to each chain map $f: X\to Y$ the equivalence class of the canonical exact sequence $0\to Y\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Cone}}(f)\to \Sigma X\to 0$ . The exact sequence splits if and only if f is null-homotopic (see [43, Lem. 3.2]), and the image of the canonical morphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}(X,Y)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}(\Sigma X,Y)$ is the subgroup $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R), \text {dw}}(\Sigma X,Y)$ formed by the equivalence classes of degreewise split exact sequences. Thus, there is a canonical isomorphism , where $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(R)$ stands for the homotopy category of complexes of R-modules. For a complex P of projective R-modules, we have $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R), \text {dw}}(\Sigma P,Y)=\operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}^1(\Sigma P,Y)$ , so if we further assume that P is a K-projective resolution of X, then there are canonical isomorphisms

(2.23) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(X,Y)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(R)}(P,Y)\cong \operatorname{\mathrm{Ext}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{C}}}(R)}^1(\Sigma P,Y). \end{align} $$

Corollary 2.21. Let $X, Y \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and consider the subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Let $\mathcal {C}$ be the subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ formed by all objects in , that is, $\mathcal {C}:=\{Z\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R) \mid {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X,Z)=0 \}$ . If Y has a $\mathcal {C}$ -cofiltration, then .

Proof. Let P be a K-projective resolution of X such that P consists of projective R-modules. By definition, we have ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X,Z)\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(R)}(P,Z)$ for all complexes Z, so $\mathcal {C}=\{Z\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R) \mid {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(R)}(P,Z)=0 \}$ . It follows from (2.23) that $\mathcal {C}=\{Z\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R) \mid \operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)}(\Sigma P,Z)=0 \}$ , and hence, if Y has a $\mathcal {C}$ -cofiltration, then the Lukas lemma yields $Y\in \mathcal {C}$ , or equivalently, .

3. Slice sp-filtrations and codimension filtrations

In the rest of this paper, R denotes a commutative noetherian ring unless otherwise specified. For a subset W of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $\dim W$ denotes the supremum of lengths of strict chains of prime ideals in W. In particular, $\dim (\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R)$ is the Krull dimension of R, which is denoted by $\dim R$ as before. Note that if W is empty, then $\dim W=-\infty $ by definition.

Definition 3.1. Let $\Phi $ be an sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . We call $\Phi $ a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ if it is nondegenerate and $\dim (\Phi (n) \setminus \Phi (n+1)) \leq 0$ for all $n \in \mathbb {Z}$ .

Slice sp-filtrations are precisely the filtrations used in [52, Chap. IV, §3] for the definition of Cousin complexes.

Remark 3.2. The authors of the present paper would like to adopt “slice” ³ (rather than “Cousin”) to avoid a possible confusion with other notions of sp-filtrations (see Remark 3.4).

After this choice, the authors noticed that the terminology “slice filtration” is used in the context of equivariant or motivic homotopy theory (see, e.g., [51], [54], [56], and [117]). A basic idea behind slice filtrations is very similar to our motivation of Definition 3.1 (see Remark 4.3). However, our definition is not precisely compatible with the slice filtrations in that area. We leave the prefix “sp-” so that the reader can distinguish ours from the other.

On the other hand, we remove the prefix from the filtrations considered in Example 3.3 for simplicity because we think there is no worry of confusion.

Recall that there is a bijective correspondence between the sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and the order-preserving functions $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z} \cup \{\infty , -\infty \}$ , and this restricts to a bijective correspondence between the nondegenerate sp-filtrations of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and the order-preserving functions $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z}$ (see Remark 2.11). In fact, a nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration if and only if its corresponding function $\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ is strictly increasing, that is, $\mathfrak {p} \subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ implies $\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p}) < \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {q})$ . Hence, we have the following commutative diagram:

(3.1)

As observed in (2.18) and (2.20), the silting t-structures of finite type and the cosilting t-structures of cofinite type are classified by using the nondegenerate sp-filtrations. We will explicitly construct a (co)silting object that induces the (co)silting t-structure corresponding to each slice sp-filtration.

Example 3.3. A typical example of a slice sp-filtration is $\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}$ defined by the height function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ as in Remark 2.11. We call $\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}$ the height filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . If R admits a codimension function $\mathsf {d}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ , then $\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}$ is also a slice sp-filtration, which we call a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ .

The grade function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {gr}}}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \mathbb {Z}$ is a natural example of an order-preserving function that may not be strictly increasing, where $\operatorname {{\mathrm {gr}}}(\mathfrak {p}) := \operatorname {\mathrm {depth}}(\mathfrak {p},R)$ . We call the sp-filtration $\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {gr}}}}$ the grade filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Note that $\operatorname {{\mathrm {gr}}} \leq \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}$ in general (see [30, Prop. 1.2.14]), and the equality holds (or equivalently, $\operatorname {{\mathrm {gr}}}$ is strictly increasing) if and only if R is Cohen–Macaulay (see [30, Prop. 1.2.10(a)]).

Remark 3.4. An sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is said to satisfy the weak Cousin condition if the following condition holds: For any $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ and any strict inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ such that $\mathfrak {p}$ is maximal under $\mathfrak {q}$ (i.e., $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ is a saturated chain), $\mathfrak {q} \in \Phi (n)$ implies $\mathfrak {p}\in \Phi (n-1)$ . See [4, p. 332, Def.]. If the converse implication also holds, then $\Phi $ is said to satisfy the strong Cousin condition (see [4, p. 331, Rem.]).

Under the existence of a classical dualizing complex (resp. a pointwise dualizing complex), the weak Cousin condition characterizes the case when the t-structure corresponding to $\Phi $ via (2.16) restricts to a t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ ); see [4, Th. 6.9 and Cors. 3.12 and 6.10]. Here, $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ stands for the subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ formed by complexes with finitely generated cohomology modules.

In general, a nondegenerate sp-filtration satisfying the weak Cousin condition need not be a slice sp-filtration. Conversely, a slice sp-filtration need not satisfy the weak Cousin condition. In fact, a slice sp-filtration satisfies the weak Cousin condition if and only if it is a codimension filtration. One can also directly check that a nondegenerate sp-filtration is a codimension filtration if and only if it satisfies the strong Cousin condition. In conclusion:

$$ \begin{align*} \begin{Bmatrix} \text{nondegenerate sp-filtrations}\\ \text{of }\operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\text{ satisfying}\\ \text{the strong Cousin condition} \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} \text{slice sp-filtrations}\\ \text{of }\operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\text{ satisfying the}\\ \text{weak Cousin condition} \end{Bmatrix} = \begin{Bmatrix} \text{codimension filtrations}\\ \text{of }\operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R \end{Bmatrix}\rlap{.} \end{align*} $$

Definition 3.5. Let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . We define

$$ \begin{align*} T_\Phi := \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \end{align*} $$

which is an object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Remark 3.6. Let $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . It follows from (2.9), (2.11), and tensor-hom adjunction that there is an isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}},-)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},-)\end{align*}$$

of functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . If $\mathfrak {m}$ is a maximal ideal, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R_{\mathfrak {m}}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see, e.g., Remark 4.2), and so ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {m}}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R,-)\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {m}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {m}},-)$ as functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

For each $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , the inclusion $\operatorname {\mathrm {supp}}_R{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} X_{\mathfrak {p}}\subseteq \{\mathfrak {p}\}$ holds by (2.11). In particular, we have $\operatorname {\mathrm {supp}}_R{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}= \{\mathfrak {p}\}$ . It then follows from the previous paragraph that we also have $\operatorname {\mathrm {cosupp}}_{R}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},X)\subseteq \{\mathfrak {p}\}$ .

We will show that $T_\Phi $ is a silting object inducing the t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for every slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . For this, we at least need to show that , whence it follows that is a t-structure. However, it is still unclear if the equality holds, so we have to further show that $T_\Phi $ is silting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ after all. By Lemma 2.2, this is equivalent to showing the following conditions: (1) ; (2) ; (3) is closed under coproducts. The second condition is not difficult to check thanks to a result of Neeman.

Lemma 3.7. Let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration. The object $T_\Phi $ generates $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , that is, .

Proof. Since $\operatorname {\mathrm {supp}}_R T_\Phi =\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ by Remark 3.6, it follows from [86, Th. 2.8] that the smallest localizing subcategory containing $T_\Phi $ is $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , or equivalently, .

Showing the remaining two conditions (for $T_\Phi $ with a slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ ) requires technical arguments. Since we have by (2.19), the third condition follows once we verify the equality , and this step is necessary in any case as mentioned above. To compare these two subcategories, let us here give useful descriptions of and $\mathcal {Y}_\Phi $ . For every object $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and every integer n, we have natural isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi, \Sigma^nX)&\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^nX)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}H^0{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^nX)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}H^{n-\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, X) \end{align*} $$

by Remark 3.6. Hence, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi , \Sigma ^n X)=0$ for all $n>0$ if and only if it holds that $H^{n-\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p}} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, X)=0$ for all $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and all $n>0$ , or equivalently, we have $\mathrm {sup}\,{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p}} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, X)\leq -\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})$ for all $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Therefore

(3.2)

On the other hand, for any $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , the following bi-implications hold:

$$ \begin{align*} &\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{p}, X)>n ~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z}~\forall \mathfrak{p} \in \Phi(n)\\ &\Leftrightarrow \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{p}, X)>\mathrm{sup}\,\{n\in \mathbb{Z}\mid \mathfrak{p} \in \Phi(n)\}~\forall \mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\\ &\Leftrightarrow \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{p}, X)\geq \mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})~\forall \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R. \end{align*} $$

As a consequence,

(3.3) $$ \begin{align} \mathcal{Y}_\Phi=\{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{p}, X)\geq \mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})~\forall \mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\}. \end{align} $$

It will be shown in Proposition 4.5 that coincides with $\mathcal {Y}_\Phi $ , but this is not easy. An essential difficulty comes from non-exactness of the colocalization functors ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},-)$ .

It is also a delicate problem to verify the first condition . We provide two approaches for this. To get the full generality, we use the Lukas lemma (Lemma 2.20) and combine it with various facts on Bousfield localization functors (see Section 4). If R admits a dualizing complex, then Theorem 2.18 enables us to efficiently prove the first condition as explained below.

Let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and assume R admits a dualizing complex D, which we may regard as a bounded below complex of injective R-modules. By (2.11), and using Notation 2.9, we have

(3.4) $$ \begin{align} T_\Phi\cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})} \check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}} \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where $\check {C}(\mathfrak {p})_{\mathfrak {p}}=R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R\check {C}(\mathfrak {p})$ . Moreover, it follows from (2.11) and (2.22) that

(3.5) $$ \begin{align} D{\otimes}_R \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}}\cong \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}_{D}(\mathfrak{p})} E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for every $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Since (3.5) is an isomorphism between bounded below complexes of injective modules, it can be realized as an isomorphism in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ . Collecting the isomorphisms in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ for all $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , and taking the coproduct of them, we obtain an isomorphism

(3.6) $$ \begin{align} \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} D {\otimes}_R \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})} \check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}}\cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}_{D}(\mathfrak{p})} E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ .

Proposition 3.8. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring with a dualizing complex and $\Phi $ a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then the following hold.

1. (1) if and only if $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration.

2. (2) if and only if $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration.

Proof. Let D be a dualizing complex for R, and regard D as a bounded below complex of injective R-modules. For the sake of brevity, we write simply T, $\mathsf {f}$ and $\mathsf {d}$ instead of $T_\Phi $ , $\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ and $\mathsf {d}_{D}$ , respectively.

Let $\varkappa $ be a cardinal and n be an integer. By definition, we have

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T,\Sigma^n T^{(\varkappa)}) \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^nT^{(\varkappa)}).\end{align*}$$

Fix $\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . It follows from (2.11) and Remark 2.19 that

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma^nT^{(\varkappa)}) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}\Big(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{q})_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}\Big),\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)}\Big(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{q})_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}\Big). \end{align*} $$

Furthermore, using Theorem 2.18(2), (3.5), and (3.6), we have

$$ \begin{align*} &{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)}\Big(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{q})_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}\Big)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Big(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}D {\otimes}_R \check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}},D {\otimes}_R \big(\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\check{C}(\mathfrak{q})_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}\big)\Big)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Big(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})}E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})}E_R(R/\mathfrak{q})^{(\varkappa)}\Big)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Big(E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})+\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})}E_R(R/\mathfrak{q})^{(\varkappa)}\Big)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Bigg(E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),\bigoplus_{i\in \mathbb{Z}}\bigg(\bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\\ n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})+\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})=i}}\Sigma^{i}E_R(R/\mathfrak{q})^{(\varkappa)}\bigg)\Bigg)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Bigg(E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),\bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\\ n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})+\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})=0}}E_R(R/\mathfrak{q})^{(\varkappa)}\Bigg)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Bigg(E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),\bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{q} \in V(\mathfrak{p})\\ n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})+\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})=0}}E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{q})^{(\varkappa)}\Bigg), \end{align*} $$

where the last isomorphism follows from Remark 3.9(1).

As a consequence, there is an isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T,\Sigma^n T^{(\varkappa)})\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}\Bigg(E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),\bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{q} \in V(\mathfrak{p})\\ n+\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})=\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})}}E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{q})^{(\varkappa)}\Bigg).\end{align*}$$

Then we see from Remark 3.9(1) that

Now, let us complete the proof.

(1): Suppose that $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration, or equivalently, $\mathsf {f}$ is strictly increasing (see (3.1)). Take any inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})\geq \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ by Remark 3.9(2). Therefore, $n+\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})> \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ for every $n>0$ . This implies by the above equivalence.

Conversely, suppose that . If the order-preserving function $\mathsf {f}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ is not strictly increasing, then there is a strict inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ such that $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})<\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ by Remark 3.9(2). So, setting $n:=-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})+\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})+\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})>0$ , we have the equality $n+\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})= \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ , and then by the above equivalence. This is a contradiction. Hence $\mathsf {f}$ must be strictly increasing.

(2): Suppose that $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration, or equivalently, $\mathsf {f}$ is a codimension function. Take an inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $\mathsf {f}({\mathfrak {q}})-\mathsf {f}({\mathfrak {p}})=\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ by Remark 3.9(2). Thus by the above equivalence.

Conversely, suppose that . By (1), the function $\mathsf {f}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ is strictly increasing, so $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})\geq \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) -\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ for every inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ by Remark 3.9(2). If the inequality $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})> \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) -\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ occurs for some inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then setting $n:=-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})+\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})+\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}) <0$ , we have the equality $n+\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})= \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ . Hence by the above equivalence, but this can not happen as we supposed that . Thus we have $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})= \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) -\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ for every inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , that is, $\mathsf {f}$ is a codimension function.

Remark 3.9. We here summarize two elementary facts used in the above proof.

1. (1) Let $\mathfrak {p}, \mathfrak {q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(E_R(R/\mathfrak {p}), E_R(R/\mathfrak {q}))\neq 0$ if and only if $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ . The “if” part follows because there is a nonzero R-linear map $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\to E_R(R/\mathfrak {q})$ that extends the composition of the canonical map $R/\mathfrak {p}\twoheadrightarrow R/\mathfrak {q}$ and the given map $R/\mathfrak {q} \hookrightarrow E_R(R/\mathfrak {q})$ . The “only if” part follows because $E_R(R/\mathfrak {q})$ is $\mathfrak {q}$ -local (i.e., the canonical map $E_R(R/\mathfrak {q})\to E_R(R/\mathfrak {q})_{\mathfrak {q}}$ is bijective) and $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ is $\mathfrak {p}$ -torsion (i.e., the canonical map $\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\to E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ is bijective); see [79, Th. 18.4(v) and (vi)]. Indeed, this fact implies that there is no nonzero R-linear map from $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ to any coproduct of $\mathfrak {q}$ -local R-modules for all $\mathfrak {q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\mathfrak {q}\notin V(\mathfrak {p})$ .

2. (2) Let $\mathfrak {p}, \mathfrak {q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ . Since R is noetherian, there is a saturated chain

   $$\begin{align*}\mathfrak{p} = \mathfrak{q}_0 \subsetneq \mathfrak{q}_1 \subsetneq \mathfrak{q}_2 \subsetneq \cdots \subsetneq \mathfrak{q}_k = \mathfrak{q}\end{align*}$$
   in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then the inequality $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})\geq k$ holds for each strictly increasing function $\mathsf {f}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ . Moreover, if a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ exists, then $\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})=k$ by definition. In fact, under the existence of a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ , an order-preserving function $\mathsf {f}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ is strictly increasing if and only if $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})\geq \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ for every inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Note also that we simply have $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})= \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q}) - \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})$ when $\mathfrak {p}= \mathfrak {q}$ .

We say that an sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is bounded if there are integers s and t such that $\Phi (s)=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\Phi (t)=\emptyset $ (cf. [4, §5.1, Def.]), or equivalently, such that $s< \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})\leq t$ for all $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Every bounded sp-filtration is nondegenerate by definition.

In the rest of this section, using Proposition 3.8, we establish a short proof for the claims in Theorems 1.1 and 1.2, provided that R admits a classical dualizing complex and $\Phi $ is a bounded slice sp-filtration (see Remark 3.14).

Lemma 3.10. Assume that R has finite Krull dimension. Let $\Phi $ be a bounded sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $T_\Phi $ is isomorphic to a bounded complex of projective R-modules in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proof. For each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic to a complex of flat R-modules concentrated in degrees from $0$ to $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ (see Remark 3.11). Since $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})\leq \dim R<\infty $ and $\Phi $ is bounded, $T_{\Phi }$ is isomorphic to a bounded complex of flat R-modules. Then the lemma follows from [104, Part II, Cor. 3.2.7], which states that every flat R-module has projective dimension at most $\dim R$ .

Remark 3.11. Let $(R,\mathfrak {m})$ be a commutative noetherian local ring, and take a system of parameters $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_{d}$ of R, where $d=\dim R$ (see [79, §14]). If I is the ideal generated by $\boldsymbol {x}$ , it has the same radical as the maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ , so that $\Gamma _I=\Gamma _{\mathfrak {m}}$ (see [64, Prop. 7.3]). Thus we have a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}} X\cong \check{C}(\boldsymbol{x}){\otimes}_R X\end{align*}$$

for every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by (2.11), where $\check {C}(\boldsymbol {x})$ is a complex of flat R-modules concentrated in degrees from 0 to d.

Let R be an arbitrary commutative noetherian ring, and take $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Regard ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ as an object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ via the (fully faithful) scalar restriction functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Then we have a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p} R_{\mathfrak{p}}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (cf. [64, Prop. 7.15(3)]). Moreover, by the first paragraph, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ to a bounded complex of flat $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules concentrated in degrees from 0 to $\dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}=\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ . Therefore ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex of flat R-modules concentrated in degrees from 0 to $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ .

Example 3.12. $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} \mathbb {Z}$ has a slice sp-filtration which is not bounded. ⁴ For this, choose a function $\mathsf {f}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} \mathbb {Z}\to \mathbb {Z}$ such that $\mathsf {f}((0))= 0$ and $\mathsf {f}((p))= p$ for every prime p. Then $\mathsf {f}$ is strictly increasing, as $\mathsf {f}((0))<\mathsf {f}((p))$ for every prime p, so the sp-filtration $\Phi _{\mathsf {f}}$ corresponding to $\mathsf {f}$ is a slice sp-filtration, but this is not bounded.

Lemma 3.13. Assume that R admits a classical dualizing complex. Let $\Phi $ be a bounded sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $R\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_\Phi ))$ . Therefore, all bounded complexes of projective R-modules belong to $\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_\Phi ))$ .

Proof. We first show that $\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_\Phi ))=\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(X))$ for $X:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Let I be the image of the function $\mathsf {f}_\Phi :\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ . By assumption, I is a finite set. Setting $X_i:=\bigoplus _{\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }(\mathfrak {p})=i}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , we can write $T_{\Phi }=\bigoplus _{i\in I} \Sigma ^iX_i$ . Then it follows that $T_{\Phi }\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(X))$ and $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_{\Phi }))$ .

Next, let D be a classical dualizing complex and assume that D is a bounded complex of injective R-modules. Let $\mathsf {d}$ be the codimension function associated with D, that is, $\mathsf {d}:=\mathsf {d}_D$ (see (2.22)). The above argument implies that $\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_\Phi ))=\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(X))=\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}))$ , where $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \Sigma ^{\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Hence it suffices to show $R\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}))$ .

In the rest of the proof, using (3.4), we regard $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ as $ \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \Sigma ^{\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})} \check {C}(\mathfrak {p})_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . By Remark 2.19, we have the canonical embedding $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ and this sends $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ to $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ . In addition, the canonical embedding $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\hookrightarrow \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ sends $E:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ to E. By (3.6), the equivalence in Theorem 2.18(2) sends $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ to E. Hence this equivalence induces an equivalence of the subcategories of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Since $\operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(E))$ contains all bounded complexes of injective R-modules, we have $D\in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(E))$ . The quasi-inverse sends $D\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Inj}} R)$ to ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(D,D) \in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ , so it follows that $R\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(D,D) \in \operatorname {\mathrm {thick}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Add}}(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}))$ .

The second claim follows from Remark 2.7.

Remark 3.14. Assume R admits a classical dualizing complex. Then Proposition 3.8 implies, in conjunction with Proposition 2.5 and Lemmas 3.10 and 3.13, that $T_\Phi $ is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for every bounded slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ , and that $T_\Phi $ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for every codimension filtration $\Phi $ . Hence Proposition 3.8 gives a quite reasonable approach to know whether $T_\Phi $ can be silting and tilting. Having established the silting property of $T_\Phi $ for a bounded slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ , it is also not difficult to show the equality by a direct argument. Indeed, since $T_\Phi $ is a bounded silting object, it is of finite type (see Section 2.1.4), and therefore for some nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi '$ by (2.20). It remains to show that $\Phi = \Phi '$ , or equivalently, $\mathsf {f}_\Phi =\mathsf {f}_{\Phi '}$ . Fix $\mathfrak {q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Since ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(R_{\mathfrak {q}}, \kappa (\mathfrak {q}))\cong \kappa (\mathfrak {q})$ , it follows that $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R_{\mathfrak {q}}} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(R_{\mathfrak {q}}, \Sigma ^{i}\kappa (\mathfrak {q}))=-i$ for all $i\in \mathbb {Z}$ . In addition, $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, \kappa (\mathfrak {q}))=\infty $ whenever $\mathfrak {q}\neq \mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Thus, we have if and only if $-i\geq \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {q})$ by (3.2). On the other hand, given $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ , we have $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R}(\mathfrak {p},\Sigma ^i\kappa (\mathfrak {q}))=-i$ for all $i\in \mathbb {Z}$ , and if $\mathfrak {p}\not \subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ , then $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R}(\mathfrak {p},\Sigma ^i\kappa (\mathfrak {q}))=\infty $ . Hence, it follows from (3.3) that $\Sigma ^{i}\kappa (\mathfrak {q})\in \mathcal {Y}_{\Phi '}$ if and only if $-i\geq \mathsf {f}_{\Phi '}(\mathfrak {q})$ . Since , it has been shown that $-i\geq \mathsf {f}_{\Phi }(\mathfrak {q})$ if and only if $-i\geq \mathsf {f}_{\Phi '}(\mathfrak {q})$ for all $i\in \mathbb {Z}$ . In other words, $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }(\mathfrak {q}) =\mathsf {f}_{\Phi '}(\mathfrak {q})$ . Therefore $\Phi =\Phi '$ .

In the next section, for any slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we will prove the equality and that $T_\Phi $ is silting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ without any additional assumption (see Theorem 4.6). Its proof is independent from Proposition 3.8, while we will need it and Proposition 3.8(2) both to prove Theorem 4.7. We also mention that, by Theorem 4.6 and Proposition 6.10(1), the assumption on the existence of a dualizing complex in Proposition 3.8 can be removed from (1) and from the “only if” part of (2).

4. Proof of Theorem 1.1

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. To prove Theorem 1.1 in full generality, we need to treat a possibly larger dimension (as defined below) than $\dim R$ . Given a subset $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we denote by $\max W$ (resp. $\min W$ ) the set of maximal (resp. minimal) elements in the poset W.

We recursively define specialization subsets $W_\alpha $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ for each ordinal $\alpha $ in the following way. First, let $W_0$ be the set of maximal ideals of R. If $W_\alpha $ is defined for some ordinal $\alpha $ , and $W_\alpha \subsetneq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then we put $W_{\alpha +1}:=W_\alpha \cup \max (\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\setminus W_\alpha )$ . If $\beta $ is a limit ordinal and $W_\alpha $ is defined for every $\alpha <\beta $ , then we put $W_\beta := \bigcup _{\alpha < \beta } W_\alpha $ . In this way, we obtain the least ordinal $\delta $ satisfying $W_\delta =\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Writing $\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ for $\delta $ , we call it the large Krull dimension of R.

By construction, $W_\alpha $ is specialization closed for every $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , and $W_\alpha \subsetneq W_\beta $ whenever $\alpha <\beta \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ . Moreover, $\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R=\delta $ is always a successor ordinal because R has only finitely many minimal prime ideals.

If $\dim R$ is infinite, we may interpret it as the first infinite ordinal, in terms of the definition of $\dim R$ . Under this convention, we always have $\dim R\leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , and the equality holds if $\dim R$ is finite. We remark that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ could be uncountable in general (see [48, Cor. 8.14, and Th. 9.8]). ⁵

The main task of this section is to show the equality for a slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . To this end, for an ordinal $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , we define the following subcategories:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{Y}_{(\Phi, \alpha)} &:= \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{p}, X)>n ~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z} ~\forall \mathfrak{p} \in \Phi(n)\cap W_\alpha\},\\ \mathcal{Y}^{\prime}_{(\Phi, \alpha)} &:= \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X) \geq \mathsf{f}_{\Phi}(\mathfrak{p}) ~\forall \mathfrak{p} \in W_\alpha \},\\ \mathcal{Y}^{\prime\prime}_{(\Phi, \alpha)} &:= \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(V,X)>n ~\forall n \in \mathbb{Z} ~\forall V \subseteq \Phi(n)\cap W_\alpha\}. \end{align*} $$

Note that V in the last definition is assumed to be specialization closed. We will show $\mathcal {Y}_{(\Phi , \alpha )}=\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{(\Phi , \alpha )}=\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{(\Phi , \alpha )}$ for every ordinal $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ by using transfinite induction (Proposition 4.5). The only trivial inclusion is: $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{(\Phi , \alpha )}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}_{(\Phi , \alpha )}$ . Notice also from (3.3) that

(4.1) $$ \begin{align} \mathcal{Y}_{(\Phi, \alpha)} = \{X \in \operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R) \mid \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{p}, X)\geq\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p}) ~\forall \mathfrak{p} \in W_\alpha\}. \end{align} $$

We start with the following lemma. For simplicity, we will write a triangle $X\to Y\to Z\to \Sigma X$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ as $X\to Y\to Z\xrightarrow {+}$ throughout the rest of the paper.

Lemma 4.1. Let $V_0\subseteq V$ be specialization closed subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . If $\dim (V\setminus V_0)\leq 0$ , then there is a triangle of the form

$$\begin{align*}\prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in V \setminus V_0} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X) \rightarrow \lambda^{V} X \rightarrow \lambda^{V_0} X \xrightarrow{+}\end{align*}$$

for every $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proof. We first remark that the canonical morphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V_0}R\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V_0}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V}R\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V}R$ yields a triangle

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{V_0}R\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{V}R\to \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in V\setminus V_0}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}\xrightarrow{+} \end{align*} $$

(see Remark 4.2). Next, let $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and apply ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(-,X)$ to the above triangle. Then we obtain the following triangle:

$$\begin{align*}\prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in V\setminus V_0}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}} ,X)\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{V}R,X)\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{V_0}R,X) \xrightarrow{+}.\end{align*}$$

Hence we have the triangle in the lemma by (2.7) and Remark 3.6.

Remark 4.2. For the reader’s convenience, we here summarize some basic facts on a complex I of injective R-modules; part of them are used in the proofs of Lemma 4.1 and Proposition 4.5.

For each $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ , we may write $I^n=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}})}$ by some cardinals $\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}}$ (see [79, Th. 18.5]). Given a multiplicatively closed subset $S\subset R$ , the canonical chain map $I\to I{\otimes }_R S^{-1}R$ is degreewise split surjective, where each map $I^n\to I^n{\otimes }_R S^{-1}$ can be identified with the canonical surjection $\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}})}\to \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \cap S=\emptyset } E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}})}$ . Moreover, for a specialization closed subset V, the nth component of the canonical chain map $\Gamma _VI\to I$ can be identified with the canonical injection $\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in V} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}})}\to \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}})}$ .

If $V_0\subseteq V$ are specialization closed subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then the canonical morphism $\Gamma _{V_0}\cong \Gamma _{V_0}\Gamma _V\to \Gamma _V$ of functors induces a degreewise split exact sequence

(4.2) $$ \begin{align} 0\to \Gamma_{V_0}I\to \Gamma_VI\to \Gamma_VI/\Gamma_{V_0}I\to 0, \end{align} $$

where $(\Gamma _VI/\Gamma _{V_0}I)^n\cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in V\setminus V_0} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu ^n_{\mathfrak {p}})}$ . Assume $\dim (V/V_0)\leq 0$ . Then we have a decomposition $\Gamma _VI/\Gamma _{V_0}I\cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in V/V_0}\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}} I_{\mathfrak {p}}$ as complexes (see Remark 3.9(1)). If I is K-injective, then (4.2) clearly realizes the triangle

(4.3) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{V_0}X\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{V}X\to \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in V\setminus V_0}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}X_{\mathfrak{p}}\xrightarrow{+} \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for every complex X quasi-isomorphic to I. In particular, letting I be an injective resolution of R, we may put $X:=R$ in (4.3).

In fact, the triangle (4.3) exists for any complex $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by the isomorphism $({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{W}R)\mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits X\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{W}X$ for a specialization closed subset W (see [77, Prop. 3.5.5(ii)]). More precisely, (4.2) realizes (4.3) whenever I is a complex of injective modules that is quasi-isomorphic to a given complex X, because ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{W}I\cong \Gamma _{W}I$ holds without K-injectivity on I (see [77, Lem. 3.5.1]).

Remark 4.3. Given specialization closed subsets $V_0\subseteq V$ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we have the triangle

$$\begin{align*}\gamma_{V_0}\gamma_VX\to \gamma_VX\to \lambda^{V_0^{\mathrm{c}}}\gamma_VX \xrightarrow{+}\end{align*}$$

by (2.3), where $\gamma _{V_0}\gamma _VX\cong \gamma _{V_0}X$ by (2.4). If $\dim (V/V_0)\leq 0$ , we see from (2.7) that the above triangle coincides with (4.3). It is also possible to deduce the isomorphism $\lambda ^{V_0^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _VX\cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in V\setminus V_0}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}X_{\mathfrak {p}}$ from a more formal argument.

We may regard the composite functor $\lambda ^{V_0^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _V$ as an analogue of a “slice functor” in [51, §2.2]; which is used to decompose spectra in that context into computable pieces called slices (see [51, §1] and also [57, §4]). In our case, the condition $\dim (V\setminus V_0)\leq 0$ yields such a computable situation, and this fact leads to the definition of our slice sp-filtrations.

For the proof of the next proposition, we make a remark.

Remark 4.4. Let $X\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . For an integer n and a specialization closed subset $V\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_R(V,X)>n$ if and only if $\mathrm {sup}\,{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_VR,X)<-n$ , that is, $H^i{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_VR,X)=0$ for every $i\geq -n$ . The last condition is equivalent to that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_VR,\Sigma ^{i-n}X)=0$ for every $i\geq 0$ , and we can rewrite this as the single equality:

$$ \begin{align*}\prod_{i\geq 0}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\Sigma^{n-i} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_VR,X)=0.\end{align*} $$

Hence it holds that

Now, let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . It then follows, for an ordinal $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , that

This will allow us to use the Lukas lemma via Corollary 2.21.

Proposition 4.5. Let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . For each ordinal $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}}(R)$ , we have the equalities

$$\begin{align*}\mathcal{Y}_{(\Phi, \alpha)} = \mathcal{Y}^{\prime}_{(\Phi, \alpha)} = \mathcal{Y}^{\prime\prime}_{(\Phi, \alpha)}.\end{align*}$$

Proof. For brevity, we simply write $\mathcal {Y}_\alpha $ , $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_\alpha $ , and $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\alpha $ instead of $\mathcal {Y}_{(\Phi , \alpha )}$ , $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{(\Phi , \alpha )}$ , and $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{(\Phi , \alpha )}$ respectively. We proceed by transfinite induction on $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ . If $\alpha =0$ , then $W_0$ consists of the maximal ideals of R. Hence, for every $V\subseteq W_0$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}\prod_{\mathfrak{m} \in V} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{m}} \cong\prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in V} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{m}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{m}},-) \cong \lambda^{V}\end{align*}$$

by Remark 3.6 and Lemma 4.1 applied to V and $V_0:=\emptyset $ . Thus the equality $\mathcal {Y}_0=\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_0$ holds. The equality $\mathcal {Y}_0=\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_0$ follows from the first isomorphism above and (4.1).

We next establish the successor step. Assume that $\mathcal {Y}_\alpha = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_\alpha = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\alpha $ for some ordinal $\alpha <\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ . For the desired equality $\mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1} = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha +1} = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha +1}$ , it suffices to show that $\mathcal {Y}_{\alpha + 1} \subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha + 1} \subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha + 1}$ because $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha +1}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1}$ by definition. Let $X\in \mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1}$ . Note that $\mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1} \subseteq \mathcal {Y}_\alpha =\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_\alpha =\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\alpha $ by definition and assumption. Moreover, since $X\in \mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha }$ ,

$$ \begin{align*} X\in \mathcal{Y}^{\prime}_{\alpha +1} &\Leftrightarrow \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X)\geq \mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})~\forall\mathfrak{p} \in W_{\alpha+1}=W_{\alpha}\cup (W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_{\alpha})\\ &\Leftrightarrow \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X)\geq \mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})~\forall\mathfrak{p} \in W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_{\alpha}. \end{align*} $$

We have $\dim (W_{\alpha +1}\setminus W_{\alpha })=0$ by construction, so $\dim (V \setminus W_{\alpha })\leq 0$ for any integer n and any specialization closed subset $V \subseteq \Phi (n)\cap W_{\alpha +1}$ . Thus Lemma 4.1 yields the triangle

(4.4) $$ \begin{align} \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in V \setminus W_\alpha} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X) \rightarrow \lambda^{V}X \rightarrow \lambda^{V\cap W_\alpha}X \xrightarrow{+}. \end{align} $$

Now, take $\mathfrak {q} \in W_{\alpha + 1} \setminus W_\alpha $ and put $n: = \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {q}) -1$ , so that $V(\mathfrak {q}) \cap W_\alpha = V(\mathfrak {q}) \setminus \{\mathfrak {q}\}$ and $\mathfrak {q} \in \Phi (n)$ . Then $\mathfrak {q}\in \Phi (n) \cap W_{\alpha +1}$ , and hence $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R}(\mathfrak {q},X)>n$ since $X\in \mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1}$ . Furthermore, $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration, so $\dim (\Phi (n)\setminus \Phi (n+1))\leq 0$ , and this along with the inclusion $V(\mathfrak {q})\subseteq \Phi (n)$ implies that $V(\mathfrak {q}) \setminus \{\mathfrak {q}\}\subseteq \Phi (n+1)$ . In particular, we have $V(\mathfrak {q}) \cap W_\alpha =V(\mathfrak {q}) \setminus \{\mathfrak {q}\}\subseteq \Phi (n+1)\cap W_\alpha $ , so $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_R(V(\mathfrak {q}) \cap W_\alpha ,X)>n+1$ since $X \in \mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\alpha $ . We have observed that

$$\begin{align*}\mathrm{sup}\,\lambda^{V(\mathfrak{q})}X<-n ~\text{ and }~ \mathrm{sup}\,\lambda^{V(\mathfrak{q})\cap W_\alpha}X<-n-1.\end{align*}$$

By (4.4) applied to $V(\mathfrak {q})\subseteq \Phi (n) \cap W_{\alpha +1}$ , we obtain the triangle

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{q}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{q}},X) \rightarrow \lambda^{V(\mathfrak{q})}X \rightarrow \lambda^{V(\mathfrak{q})\cap W_\alpha}X \xrightarrow{+}. \end{align*} $$

It then follows that $\mathrm {sup}\,{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {q}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {q}},X)<-n$ , that is, $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R_{\mathfrak {q}}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {q}}, X)\geq \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})$ . We have shown that $X\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha +1}$ (see the previous paragraph). Thus $\mathcal {Y}_{\alpha +1} \subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha +1}$ .

To prove the remaining inclusion $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha +1}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha +1}$ , take $X \in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha + 1}$ . Let $V \subseteq \Phi (n) \cap W_{\alpha +1}$ be a specialization closed subset for an integer $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ . Since $X\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha +1}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha }=\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha }$ and $V\cap W_\alpha \subseteq \Phi (n) \cap W_{\alpha }$ , it follows that $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_R(V\cap W_\alpha ,X)>n$ . On the other hand, if $\mathfrak {p} \in V \setminus W_{\alpha }$ , then $\mathfrak {p}\in \Phi (n)\cap W_{\alpha +1}$ as $V \subseteq \Phi (n) \cap W_{\alpha +1}$ . Thus we have $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},X)\geq \mathsf {f}_{\Phi }(\mathfrak {p})>n$ by definition and assumption. We have observed that

$$\begin{align*}\mathrm{sup}\,\lambda^{V\cap W_\alpha}X<-n ~\text{ and }~ \mathrm{sup}\, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X)<-n.\end{align*}$$

Thus we have $\mathrm {sup}\,\lambda ^VX< -n$ by (4.4), that is, $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_{R}(V,X)>n$ , and hence $X\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha +1}$ . Therefore, the inclusion $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha +1}\subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\alpha +1}$ follows.

Finally, let us establish the limit step of the induction. ⁶ Let $\beta < \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ be a limit ordinal, and suppose that $\mathcal {Y}_\alpha = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_\alpha = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\alpha $ for all $\alpha < \beta $ . Since $W_{\beta }=\bigcup _{\alpha < \beta } W_\alpha $ , it follows that $\mathcal {Y}_{\beta }=\bigcap _{\alpha <\beta } \mathcal {Y}_{\alpha }$ and $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\beta }=\bigcap _{\alpha <\beta } \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\alpha }$ . Thus we have $\mathcal {Y}_{\beta } = \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\beta }$ . For the remaining equality $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\beta } =\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\beta }$ , it suffices to show that $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\beta } \subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\beta }$ because $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\beta } \subseteq \mathcal {Y}_{\beta }$ by definition. Take $X\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\beta }$ . We first observe that $X(\mathfrak {p}):={\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p}} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, X)\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ for an arbitrary $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Let n be an integer and $V \subseteq \Phi (n)\cap W_{\beta }$ be a specialization closed subset. Recall that $\operatorname {\mathrm {cosupp}}_RX(\mathfrak {p})\subseteq \{\mathfrak {p}\}$ (Remark 3.6). If $\mathfrak {p}\notin V$ , (2.5) implies that $\lambda ^VX(\mathfrak {p})=0$ , that is, $\operatorname {\mathrm {width}}_R(V,X(\mathfrak {p}))=\infty>n$ . If $\mathfrak {p}\in V$ , then $\lambda ^VX(\mathfrak {p})\cong X(\mathfrak {p})$ , so

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(V,X(\mathfrak{p}))=-\mathrm{sup}\,X(\mathfrak{p})= \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X)\geq \mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})>n.\end{align*}$$

Thus $X(\mathfrak {p})\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ .

We next show that there is a complex Y such that $X\cong Y$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and Y has a $\mathcal {C}$ -cofiltration, where $\mathcal {C}$ denotes the subcategory of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ formed by all objects in $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ . If this is done, then Corollary 2.21 implies that $X\cong Y\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ (see Remark 4.4), so $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime }_{\beta } \subseteq \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\beta }$ . Hence the proof will be completed.

To this end, take K-injective resolutions $R\to I$ and $X\to J$ such that I and J consist of injective R-modules. Then $X\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R, X)\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(I, J)$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . We put

$$\begin{align*}Y:={\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(I, J) ~\text{ and }~ Y_\alpha:={\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\Gamma_{W_\alpha}I, J)\end{align*}$$

for each $\alpha \leq \operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , where ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{W_\alpha }R, X)\cong Y_\alpha $ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Consider a direct system formed by the canonical chain maps $\iota _{\alpha ,\nu }:\Gamma _{W_\alpha }I\to \Gamma _{W_{\nu }}I$ for all $\alpha \leq \nu \leq \delta =\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , where every $\iota _{\alpha ,\nu }$ is degreewise split injective (see Remark 4.2) and $\varinjlim _{\alpha \leq \delta } \Gamma _{W_\alpha }I \cong \Gamma _{W_\delta }I\cong I$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ . Then we obtain the inverse system $(Y_\alpha ,\pi _{\alpha , \nu } \mid \alpha \leq \nu \leq \delta )$ formed by $\pi _{\alpha ,\nu }:= {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(\iota _{\alpha ,\nu },J)$ for all $\alpha \leq \nu \leq \delta $ , where every $\pi _{\alpha ,\nu }$ is degreewise split surjective and

$$\begin{align*}Y={\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(I, J)\cong \varprojlim_{\alpha\leq \delta} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\Gamma_{W_\alpha}I,J)=\varprojlim_{\alpha\leq \delta} Y_\alpha\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ . If $\nu $ is a limit ordinal, then $W_\nu =\bigcup _{\alpha <\nu }{W_\alpha }$ by definition, so $\Gamma _{W_\nu }I\cong \varinjlim _{\alpha <\nu }\Gamma _{W_\alpha }I$ , and hence $Y_\nu \cong \varprojlim _{\alpha <\nu }Y_\alpha $ .

We remark that $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_{\beta }$ is closed under products since $\lambda ^{V}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_VR,-)$ for any specialization closed subset $V\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Moreover,

$$\begin{align*}\prod_{\mathfrak{m}\in W_0} X(\mathfrak{m}) \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{m}\in W_0} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}} R,X) \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{m}\in W_0}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R}(\Gamma_{\mathfrak{m}}I,J)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R}(\Gamma_{W_0}I,J)= Y_0\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by Remarks 3.6 and 4.2. Since we know that $X(\mathfrak {p})\in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ for all $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , it follows that $Y_0 \cong \prod _{\mathfrak {m}\in W_0} X(\mathfrak {m}) \in \mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ , that is, $Y_0\in \mathcal {C}$ . To observe that the kernel of $\pi _{\alpha ,\alpha +1}$ belongs to $\mathcal {C}$ for each $\alpha <\delta $ , consider the degreewise split exact sequence

$$\begin{align*}0\to \Gamma_{W_\alpha}I\xrightarrow{\iota_{\alpha,\alpha+1}} \Gamma_{W_{\alpha+1}}I\to \Gamma_{W_{\alpha+1}}I/\Gamma_{W_\alpha}I\to 0.\end{align*}$$

Applying ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(-,J)$ to it, we obtain the exact sequence

(4.5) $$ \begin{align} 0\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\Gamma_{W_{\alpha+1}}I/\Gamma_{W_\alpha}I,J) \to Y_{\alpha+1} \xrightarrow{\pi_{\alpha,\alpha+1}} Y_{\alpha}\to 0. \end{align} $$

Sending this to $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , we obtain the triangle in Lemma 4.1 applied to $W_{\alpha }\subseteq W_{\alpha +1}$ (see the proof of the lemma). Furthermore, putting $Y(\mathfrak {p}):={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}} I_{\mathfrak {p}},J)$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\Gamma_{W_\alpha+1}I/\Gamma_{W_\alpha}I,J)\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_\alpha}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\Gamma_{\mathfrak{p}} I_{\mathfrak{p}},J)=\prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_\alpha}Y(\mathfrak{p})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ (see Remark 4.2). As a consequence, there are isomorphisms

$$\begin{align*}\prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_\alpha}Y(\mathfrak{p})\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_\alpha}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},X)=\prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{\alpha+1}\setminus W_\alpha}X(\mathfrak{p})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Since the last one belongs to $\mathcal {Y}^{\prime \prime }_\beta $ , so does the first, and hence $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in W_{\alpha +1}\setminus W_\alpha }Y(\mathfrak {p})\cong \operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}}\pi _{\alpha ,\alpha +1}\in \mathcal {C}$ . Therefore, we have shown that the inverse system $(Y_\alpha ,\pi _{\alpha , \nu } \mid \alpha \leq \nu \leq \delta )$ is a $\mathcal {C}$ -cofiltration, as desired.

We now prove one of the main results of this paper (Theorem 1.1).

Theorem 4.6. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $T_\Phi $ is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ such that .

Proof. Since $W_\delta =\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we have $\mathcal {Y}_{(\Phi ,\delta )}=\mathcal {Y}_{\Phi }$ for $\delta =\operatorname {\mathrm {Kdim}} R$ , and by (3.2). Thus by Proposition 4.5. In particular, is closed under coproducts by (2.19). By Lemma 3.7, we have . Hence it remains to show that (see Lemma 2.2).

Since is closed under coproducts, it suffices to show that $\Sigma ^{\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}} \in \mathcal {Y}_{\Phi }$ for each $\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Thus, if we observe that

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{q}, \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}})>n \end{align*} $$

for any $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ and $\mathfrak {q}\in \Phi (n)$ , then the proof will be completed.

It follows from (2.13) and (2.11) that

(4.6) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{q}, \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}})=-\mathrm{sup}\,(R/\mathfrak{q})\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}=-\mathrm{sup}\,\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}}/\mathfrak{q}_{\mathfrak{p}}). \end{align} $$

Moreover, we have $\mathrm {sup}\,{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}/\mathfrak {q}_{\mathfrak {p}}) =\mathrm {sup}\,{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}/\mathfrak {q}_{\mathfrak {p}})= \dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}/\mathfrak {q}_{\mathfrak {p}}$ (see [30, Th. 3.5.7 and p. 413]). Since $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration, we also have $\dim (R_{\mathfrak {p}}/\mathfrak {q}_{\mathfrak {p}}) = \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p}/\mathfrak {q}) \leq \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})-\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {q})$ (see Section 2.5.3 and Remark 3.9(2)). Then

$$\begin{align*}\mathrm{sup}\,\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}}/\mathfrak{q}_{\mathfrak{p}})=\mathrm{sup}\, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}}/\mathfrak{q}_{\mathfrak{p}})-\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})\leq -\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{q}).\end{align*}$$

Therefore

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{width}}_R(\mathfrak{q}, \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}})\geq \mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{q})>n\end{align*}$$

by (4.6), as desired.

The next theorem is also part of our main results (Theorem 1.2(1)). Recall that a dualizing complex in our sense may have infinite injective dimension (see Section 2.5). Moreover, if D is a dualizing complex, then $\mathsf {d}_D$ is a codimension function (see Section 2.5.3), so $\Phi _{\mathsf {d}_D}$ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ .

Theorem 4.7. Let R be commutative noetherian ring with a dualizing complex, and let $\Phi $ a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $T_{\Phi }$ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ if and only if $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ .

Proof. This follows from Lemma 2.2, Theorem 4.6, and Proposition 3.8(2).

As mentioned in Remark 3.14, Theorems 4.6 and 4.7 can be proved in a simpler way if $\Phi $ is bounded and R admits a classical dualizing complex.

Remark 4.8. If $(R,\mathfrak {m})$ is a d-dimensional Cohen–Macaulay local ring, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R\cong \Sigma ^{-d} H^{d}_{\mathfrak {m}} R$ by [30, Th. 3.5.7], where $H^{d}_{\mathfrak {m}} R:= H^d {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R$ is called the dth local cohomology module of R with respect to $\mathfrak {m}$ .

Suppose that R is a (possibly nonlocal) Cohen–Macaulay ring. Then $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is a Cohen–Macaulay local ring for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ by definition. Thus ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong \Sigma ^{-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}H_{\mathfrak {p}}^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ for every $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , where $H_{\mathfrak {p}}^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} R_{\mathfrak {p}}:=H^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}= H^{\dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}}_{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Therefore, for every nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}T_\Phi =\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}} \cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}H_{\mathfrak{p}}^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} R_{\mathfrak{p}}\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

The following is a corollary of Theorem 4.6. Notice that it does not assume the existence of a dualizing complex.

Corollary 4.9. Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay ring and $\Phi $ a codimension filtration. Then $T_{\Phi }$ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

In particular, $T_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}} \cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}H_{\mathfrak {p}}^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is a tilting object.

Proof. First, $T:= T_{\Phi }$ is a silting object by Theorem 4.6. Thus it remains to show that . Write $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ as a disjoint union $S_1 \sqcup \dots \sqcup S_n$ of connected components. Letting $T_i:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in S_i}\Sigma ^{\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , we can write $T=\bigoplus _{1\leq i\leq n} T_i$ . By assumption, $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }$ is a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , while the height function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}$ is a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ as well since R is Cohen–Macaulay (see Section 2.5.3). Therefore, $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} - \mathsf {f}_\Phi $ is constant on each component $S_i$ . Then we see from Remark 4.8 that each $T_i$ is isomorphic to a stalk complex, that is, a complex concentrated in some degree. Since modules do not admit nontrivial negative self-extensions, it follows that . Moreover, we also have whenever $i \neq j$ (see Remark 4.10). Hence we have , as desired.

Remark 4.10. For any commutative noetherian ring R, $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ decomposes into a finite disjoint union $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R_1\sqcup \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R_2 \sqcup \cdots \sqcup \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R_n$ of connected components $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R_i$ and we have an isomorphism of rings (cf. [53, Chap. II, Exer. 2.19]). This isomorphism yields an equivalence from $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ is to the product category $\prod _{1\leq i\leq n}\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_i$ , and so $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is equivalent to the product category $\prod _{1\leq i\leq n} \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_i)$ as well. In particular, if $X_i\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_i)$ and $X_j\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_j)$ and $i \neq j$ , regarding $X_i$ and $X_j$ as objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , we have . See also (2.5).

If $\mathsf {d}$ and $\mathsf {d}'$ are different codimension functions on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then the two t-structures and in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ are different. However, if we restrict them to each derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_i)$ , then this difference can be omitted up to shift, since $\mathsf {d}-\mathsf {d}'$ is constant on the connected component $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R_i$ . In other words, we have $\mathcal {Y}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}\cap \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_i)= \Sigma ^m(\mathcal {Y}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}}\cap \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_i))=(\Sigma ^m\mathcal {Y}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}})\cap \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_i)$ for some integer m. An important consequence is that the heart of the t-structure is equivalent to the heart of the other t-structure . Therefore, if R admits a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ , then is the t-structure (induced by $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ ) such that its heart does not depend on the choice of $\mathsf {d}$ , up to equivalence.

By the same token, although the silting objects $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ and $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}}$ are not equivalent in general, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}},T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}},T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}}^{(\varkappa )})$ are isomorphic as objects of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for any cardinal $\varkappa $ . Consequently, the silting object $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ is tilting if and only if $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}}$ is tilting. If this is the case, then $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}) \cong \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}'}})$ as rings.

These facts can be also stated focusing on the cosilting side.

As essentially observed in the proof of Corollary 4.9, once a module M (over any ring R) is silting in the derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then M is tilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (cf. [119, Cor. 3.7]). We should remark that, although tilting modules in the sense of [7] are tilting objects in the derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (Remark 2.8), silting modules in the sense of [14] need not be silting objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ ; a silting module is defined to be the cokernel of a morphism $P^{-1}\to P^0$ of projective modules such that the 2-term complex $(0\to P^{-1}\to P^0\to )$ is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see [14, Th. 4.9.]).

We will later observe that every 2-term silting complex over a commutative noetherian ring is a tilting object in the derived category (Theorem 6.18).

Remark 4.11. Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension. Then the R-module $T:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}H_{\mathfrak {p}}^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is a bounded tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by Lemma 3.10 and Corollary 4.9, and therefore it is a tilting module (Remark 2.8). In fact, the tilting module T is good in the sense of [23, Def. 1.2], that is, there is an exact sequence of the form $0 \to R \to T_0 \to T_1 \to \cdots \to T_n \to 0$ where $T_i$ is a direct summand of a finite coproduct of copies of T for all $i=0,\ldots ,n$ . Indeed, the Cousin complex $C(R)$ for R (in the sense of Sharp [109]) gives such an exact sequence (see [109, Ths. 3.5 and 4.7] and [111, Th.]), where $C(R)^{-1}=R$ and $C(R)^i\cong \bigoplus _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=i}H_{\mathfrak {p}}^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ for $0\leq i\leq d$ (see also [49, Prop. 2.8.2(5)]).

As a consequence, [23, Th. 2.2] is available for $T = \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}H_{\mathfrak {p}}^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . In particular, letting $S:=\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{R}(T)$ , the functor ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(T,-):\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R) \to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(S)$ is fully faithful (see [23, Th. 2.2(2)]), and the essential image of this functor is , where $\mathcal {E}$ is the kernel of the functor $-{\otimes }^{\mathbf {L}}_ST:\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(S)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see [23, Cor. 2.4]).

If $\dim R=1$ , the projective dimension of T is equal to one by Lemma 3.10 and [104, Part II, Th. 3.2.6] (see also [83, Th. 4.9]), so the result [32, Th. 1.1] is available, producing a recollement linking $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(S)$ with $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and the derived module category of a suitable ring. In addition, we can compute $S=\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{R}(T)$ explicitly as the lower triangular matrix ring in Example 6.8. More generally, when R has any finite Krull dimension, there is a recollement linking $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(S)$ with $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and the derived category of dg modules over a suitable dg algebra (see [24, Prop. 5.2] and the four paragraphs preceding it).

It is also possible to describe derived equivalences induced by good tilting modules by using techniques of contramodules over a topological ring (see [100]). The endomorphism ring $S=\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{R}(T)$ admits a naturally induced linear topology called the finite topology, and the category $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ctra}} S$ of right contramodules over the topological ring S is an abelian category (see [100, §§6.2 and 7.1]). There is a natural forgetful functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ctra}} S \to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} S$ , and T being good implies that the functor induces a fully faithful functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Ctra}} S)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(S)$ between the unbounded derived categories. Moreover, the functor ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T,-):\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(S)$ naturally restricts to a triangulated equivalence , and this further restricts to an equivalence , where $\mathcal {H}_T$ is the heart of the tilting t-structure induced by T. See [100, Prop. 8.2]; also cf. [100, Cor. 6.3, Th. 7.1, and Prop. 7.3]. Note that the equivalence induces the triangulated equivalence .

We now have the triangulated equivalence , while we also have the realization functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathcal {H}_T) \to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (due to Virili) that is a triangulated equivalence as T is a tilting module (Sections 2.1.6 and 2.1.7). At least when restricted to the respective bounded derived categories, we can choose a realization functor so that it is compatible with the other equivalence , under the identification $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}} (\mathcal {H}_T)\cong \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Ctra}} S)$ . This fact is explained in the recent preprint [60] (see the proofs of [60, Prop. 4.6 and Th. 4.7] in particular).

In [60], the above-mentioned results of [100] have been generalized from good tilting modules to a large class of tilting complexes, which includes our tilting complexes available by Remark 3.14 and Theorem 7.5 (see [60, §§3–4]).

We close this section by attempting to explain how Definition 3.5 is natural in terms of a more general approach that can yield silting objects under suitable assumptions. The reader may freely skip this part. We also remark that the explanation below does not mean that our results in this section can be deduced from other existing results.

Let R be any ring and assume that there is a decreasing chain of smashing subcategories of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ indexed by the integers: $\ldots \supseteq \mathcal {L}_{n-1} \supseteq \mathcal {L}_n \supseteq \mathcal {L}_{n+1} \supseteq \ldots $ . Denote by $\lambda _n$ the localization functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ with $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} \lambda _n=\mathcal {L}_{n}$ for each $n \in \mathbb {Z}$ . Since application of $\lambda _n $ makes the canonical morphism $\operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}\to \lambda _{n+1}$ invertible, we can identify $S_n:=\lambda _nR$ with $\lambda _n S_{n+1}$ . Then we have the canonical morphism $S_{n+1} \to \lambda _n S_{n+1}= S_n$ . Embed this morphism to a triangle $S_{n+1} \to S_n \to T_n \xrightarrow {+}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and put $T := \bigoplus _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\Sigma ^n T_n$ . If, for each n, the morphism $R \to S_n$ can be regarded as a homological ring epimorphism, $S_n$ is of projective dimension at most one over R, and the chain of smashing subcategories is nondegenerate in the sense that $\bigcap _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\mathcal {L}_n = 0$ and , then T is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see [17, Th. 3.5] and [10, Prop. 5.15]).

Now, let R be a commutative noetherian ring. Given a silting t-structure of finite type, we have its corresponding nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi $ by (2.20). Then we obtain a decreasing chain of smashing subcategories by putting $\mathcal {L}_n:=\mathcal {L}_{\Phi (n)}$ , and this chain is nondegenerate in the above sense. Assume $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration, and consider the object $T:=\bigoplus _{n \in \mathbb {Z}}\Sigma ^n T_n$ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ constructed as above. We can observe that $T_n \cong \Sigma \gamma _{\Phi (n)}\lambda _{\Phi (n+1)}R=\Sigma \gamma _{\Phi (n)}\lambda ^{\Phi (n+1)^{\mathrm {c}}}R\cong \Sigma \lambda ^{\Phi (n+1)^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{\Phi (n)}R$ (see (2.3) and [26, Prop. 6.1(3)]). Since $\dim (\Phi (n) \setminus \Phi (n+1)) \leq 0$ for each $n \in \mathbb {Z}$ , it follows from Remark 4.3 that $\Sigma \lambda ^{\Phi (n+1)^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{\Phi (n)}R\cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in U_n} \Sigma {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , where $U_n := \Phi (n) \setminus \Phi (n+1)$ . Therefore, we have $T_n \cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in U_n}\Sigma {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Since $\Phi $ is nondegenerate, each $\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ belongs to $U_n$ if and only if $n+1 = \mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})$ , and thus we arrive to the expression $T = \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\Sigma ^{\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ of Definition 3.5.

5. Cosilting objects corresponding to slice sp-filtrations

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . In this section, we give an explicit description of a cosilting object inducing the t-structure $(\mathcal {U}_\Phi ,\mathcal {V}_\Phi )$ . Although (2.21) can translate Theorem 4.6 into the cosilting case, this is not the best formulation for us. We more carefully dualize each summand of $T_\Phi = \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \Sigma ^{\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}} $ . We start with an observation on local duality and Matlis duality.

We first treat a (commutative noetherian) local ring R with maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ and residue field k, and assume that R admits a dualizing complex $D_{R}$ (see Notation 2.15). Set $d:=\dim R$ . There is a canonical isomorphism

(5.1) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R}(D_R,\Sigma^{-d}E_R({k})) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by local duality (see [52, Chap. V, Th. 6.2]). Moreover, there is a canonical isomorphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(E_R({k}),E_R({k}))\cong \widehat {R}:=\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}} R$ by Matlis duality (see [64, Th. A.31]). Since $D_{R}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ and $D_{R}{\otimes }_R\widehat {R}\cong D_{\widehat {R}}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by Remark 2.16(2), application of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(-,\Sigma ^{-d}E_{R}(k))$ to (5.1) yields a natural isomorphism

(5.2) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R, \Sigma^{-d}E_{R}(k)) \cong D_{\widehat{R}}, \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by a standard argument (see [45, (1.4)]). In fact, (5.2) holds without the existence of $D_R$ , as explained below.

Let $(R,\mathfrak {m},k)$ be a local ring that may not admit a dualizing complex. The $\mathfrak {m}$ -adic completion $\widehat {R}$ of R is a d-dimensional local ring with maximal ideal $\widehat {\mathfrak {m}}=\mathfrak {m} \widehat {R}$ and residue field $\widehat {R}/\widehat {\mathfrak {m}}\cong k$ (see [79, p. 63]). By [77, Cor. 3.4.4], there is a canonical isomorphism

(5.3)

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})$ . Since $E_{R}(k)\cong E_{\widehat {R}}(k)={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R}}(\widehat {R}, E_{\widehat {R}}(k))$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}$ (see [64, Th. A.31]), (5.3) and tensor-hom adjunction yields the natural isomorphisms

(5.4) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R, E_{R}(k)) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits\widehat{R}, E_{\widehat{R}}(k))\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\widehat{\mathfrak{m}}}\widehat{R},E_{\widehat{R}}(k)), \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Recall that $\widehat {R}$ admits a dualizing complex $D_{\widehat {R}}$ , so the isomorphism (5.2) holds for $\widehat {R}$ . Combining this fact with (5.4), we see that (5.2) holds for R.

Let us next give a version of (5.1) that also works without a dualizing complex. Regard ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\widehat {\mathfrak {m}}}\widehat {R}$ as an object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by the scalar restriction functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . We have canonical isomorphisms

(5.5)

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where the first is an isomorphism induced by the canonical morphism $R\to \widehat {R}$ (see [77, Cor. 3.4.5.] or [30, Prop. 3.5.4(d)]), the second is given by (2.11), and the third is (5.3) sent to $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . On the other hand, since $\widehat {R}$ admits a dualizing complex $D_{\widehat {R}}$ , the isomorphism (5.1) holds for $\widehat {R}$ , and we can send it to $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Combining this fact with (5.5), we obtain a canonical isomorphism

(5.6) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(D_{\widehat{R}},\Sigma^{-d}E_{\widehat{R}}({k})) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

We finally treat an arbitrary commutative noetherian ring R. Let $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and write $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}:=\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , which is a complete local ring with maximal ideal $\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ and residue field $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}\cong \kappa (\mathfrak {p})$ , where $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=\dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}=\dim \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ . Recall that $E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p})$ coincides with $E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ (see [79, Th. 18.4(vi)]). Regard ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}, E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p})))$ as objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by the (fully faithful) scalar restriction functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . They naturally coincide with ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}, E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p}))$ respectively. Therefore, we can deduce from (5.2) and (5.6) that there are canonical isomorphisms in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ :

(5.7) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}, E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p})) \cong \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}, \end{align} $$

(5.8) $$ \begin{align} \!\!\!{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}} \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}(\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}},E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p})). \end{align} $$

These isomorphisms lead us to the following definition.

Definition 5.1. Let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . We define

$$\begin{align*}C_\Phi := \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}},\end{align*}$$

which is an object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Theorem 5.2. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $C_\Phi $ is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , which corresponds to the silting object $T_\Phi $ via (2.21), so that .

Proof. Let E be an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ . By Theorem 4.6, $T_\Phi $ is a silting object of finite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and hence its dual $T_\Phi ^+:={\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(T_\Phi , E)\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ is a cosilting object by (2.21). What remains to show is that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(T_\Phi ^+) = \operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(C_\Phi )$ (see Section 2.1.3). Since $T_\Phi ^+ \cong \prod _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\Sigma ^{-\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}})^+$ , it suffices to prove that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}} (({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}})^+)= \operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}} (\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})$ for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . This follows from (5.7) and Remark 5.3.

Remark 5.3. Let $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and X a complex of $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules. Then $X^+\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(X,E)$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(X,E)\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(X,{\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},E))$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ . Notice that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},E)$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , while $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\cong E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ as well (see [64, Th. A.20 and Lem. A.27]). Hence the product closure of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},E)$ and that of $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ , taken in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ , are the same. Then it is easily seen that the product closure of $X^+\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(X,{\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},E))$ and that of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R}(X,E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p}))\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(X,E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p}))$ , taken in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , are the same.

We do not know if the correspondence (2.21) can translate the tilting condition into the cotilting condition; indeed, there is no way to check these conditions by using sets of compact objects. However, we can directly prove a dual result to Theorem 4.7.

Theorem 5.4. Let R be commutative noetherian ring with a dualizing complex, and let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $C_{\Phi }$ is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ if and only if $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ .

Proof. Let D be a dualizing complex for R. We may assume that D is a bounded below complex of injective modules. Moreover, for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we may interpret $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ as a complex of injective $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -modules concentrated in degrees from $0$ to $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ (see Section 2.5.2). By Remark 2.16 (1) and (2), $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}{\otimes }_RD=\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}{\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}D_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is also a dualizing complex for $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ . Recall that a dualizing complex for the local ring $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ is unique up to shift and isomorphism in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}})$ . In addition, since $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ is flat over R, $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}{\otimes }_RD$ consists of injective R-modules by [42, Th. 3.2.16], and so does $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}(\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}},D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})$ by tensor-hom adjunction. Note that $\inf (\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}{\otimes }_RD) = \inf (D_{\mathfrak {p}}) = \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}) - \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ , where $\mathsf {d}:=\mathsf {d}_{D}$ , and thus $\inf (\Sigma ^{\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}{\otimes }_RD) = 0$ . Hence we can check using (2.22) and (5.5) that there is a quasi-isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}{\otimes}_RD\to D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}} \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ . Applying ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}(-,D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})$ to this, we get the natural quasi-isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}(D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}{\otimes}_RD,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\end{align*}$$

since $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ is K-injective. Furthermore, we have the standard isomorphism in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ :

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}{\otimes}_RD,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} D,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}).\end{align*}$$

Composing the last two chain maps and the canonical quasi-isomorphism $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}(D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}},D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})$ , we have the quasi-isomorphism

(5.9) $$ \begin{align} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R}(\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} D,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}). \end{align} $$

The both sides are bounded above complexes of flat modules, so the mapping cone of this morphism is a pure acyclic complex of flat modules, that is, an acyclic complex of flat modules whose cycle modules are flat. Let $\mathsf {f}:=\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ . By (5.9), we have the quasi-isomorphism $\Sigma ^{\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})}\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R}(D, \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})$ for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Hence we obtain the induced quasi-isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\to \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) \end{align*} $$

whose mapping cone is a pure acyclic complex of flat modules. Set $C:= C_\Phi $ , and note that C is a bounded below complex of injective R-modules (since $\mathsf {f}=\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ has a lower bound by non-degeneracy of $\Phi $ ; see the first paragraph of Section 2.4). We can interpret the right-hand side of the above quasi-isomorphism as ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(D,C)$ , so that we have the quasi-isomorphism

(5.10) $$ \begin{align} \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,C), \end{align} $$

which can be regarded as an isomorphism in the pure derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Flat}} R)$ .

Now, since C is K-injective, there is a canonical isomorphism

(5.11) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(C^\varkappa, C)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}(C^\varkappa, C) \end{align} $$

for any cardinal $\varkappa $ . Furthermore, by (5.11), Theorem 2.18(2), (5.10), Remark 2.19, and (2.5), we have the following isomorphisms:

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(C^\varkappa, C) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{K}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Inj}} R)}(C^\varkappa, C)\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,C^\varkappa), {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,C))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,C)^\varkappa, {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(D,C))\\&\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)}\bigg(\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa, \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\bigg)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Flat}} R)}\bigg(\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa, \Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\bigg)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}\bigg(\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa, \Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\bigg)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}\bigg(\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in V(\mathfrak{p})}\Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa, \Sigma^{\mathsf{d}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\bigg), \end{align*} $$

where $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}\in \mathcal {C}^{\{\mathfrak {q}\}}= \mathcal {C}^{U(\mathfrak {q})}\cap \mathcal {C}^{V(\mathfrak {q})}$ for every $\mathfrak {q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ by (2.6) and (2.8); note also that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p}}\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}\cong \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ (see [77, p. 69]).

Let us prove the “if” part of the theorem. Suppose that $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration. Then it is a slice sp-filtration, so $C_\Phi $ is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by Theorem 5.2. Further, $\mathsf {f}$ is a codimension function, so we have $\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})=\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q}) -\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})$ for any inclusion $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Thus

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(C^\varkappa, \Sigma^nC) &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}\bigg(\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in V(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa, \Sigma^n\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\bigg)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}\bigg(\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in V(\mathfrak{p})}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa, \Sigma^n{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R\big(E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}),E_R(R/\mathfrak{p})\big)\bigg)\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}\bigg((\prod_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^\varkappa)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}), \Sigma^nE_R(R/\mathfrak{p})\bigg)=0 \end{align*} $$

whenever $n\neq 0$ , where $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R\big (E_R(R/\mathfrak {p}),E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\big )$ by Matlis duality. Therefore, , so C is cotilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . The “only if” part can be shown by modifying this argument (cf. the proof of Proposition 3.8) or follows from Proposition 6.10(2).

We remark that $\mathbb {Q}\oplus (\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z})$ is a cotilting object of cofinite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathbb {Z})$ such that it induces the standard t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathbb {Z})$ , but its character dual ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\mathbb {Z}} (\mathbb {Q}\oplus (\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}), \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z})$ is not a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathbb {Z})$ (see [5, §3.3]). Thus, the assignment $C\mapsto C^+$ does not provide a formal way to obtain a silting object from a cosilting object of finite type $C\in \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for a commutative noetherian ring R. This is the reason why we first studied the silting case and deduced the cosilting case, even though the latter is often more tractable than the former when we work with large modules.

In fact, the $\mathbb {Z}$ -module $\mathbb {Q}\oplus (\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z})$ is (not only cotilting but) tilting of finite type in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathbb {Z})$ (see Example 5.5), and hence ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\mathbb {Z}} (\mathbb {Q}\oplus (\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}), \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z})$ is cotilting of cofinite type by (2.21).

Example 5.5. Suppose that R is a Gorenstein ring with possibly infinite Krull dimension. Then R itself is a dualizing complex (see [52, Chap. V, Th. 9.1] and Remark 2.14). The codimension function $\mathsf {d}_R$ associated with the dualizing complex R coincides with the height function (see [79, Th. 18.8]). For the height filtration $\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}T_{\Phi_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}}}\cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak{p})~\text{ and }~C_{\Phi_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}}}\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . The first isomorphism follows from (2.22), and the second follows from Remark 2.16(1) and (2). As we explain in the two remarks below, $T_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}}$ (resp. $C_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}}$ ) naturally induces the subcategory of all Gorenstein injective (resp. Gorenstein flat) modules as the tilting (resp. cotilting) class. This was well known in the case when the Krull dimension is finite (Remark 5.6), but it turns out the finiteness assumption assumption is not necessary (Remark 5.7).

Remark 5.6. Let R be an Iwanaga-Gorenstein ring, that is, a (possibly noncommutative) noetherian ring with finite injective dimension as a left and right R-module. Let $0\to R\to I^0\to \cdots \to I^n\to 0$ be a minimal injective resolution of R as a right R-module. It is well known that the coproduct $T:=\bigoplus _{0\leq i\leq n}I^i$ is an n-tilting right module (see [5, Exam. 5.7]). Thus $C:={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\mathbb {Z}}(T,\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z})$ is an n-cotilting left module (see Sections 2.1.4 and 2.1.5). The tilting class $\mathcal {T}:= \{M \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}}{R} \mid \operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}_R^i(T,M) = 0 ~\forall i>0\}$ induced by T coincides with the class of Gorenstein injective right modules (see [80, Cor. 4.7] and [42, Cor. 11.2.2]), and the cotilting class $\mathcal {C}:= \{M \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}}{R^{\mathrm {op}}} \mid \operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}_{R^{\mathrm {op}}}^i(M,C) = 0 ~\forall i>0\}$ induced by C coincides with the class of Gorenstein flat left modules (see [42, Th. 10.3.8]). If R is commutative (so R is a Gorenstein ring of Krull dimension n), then the tilting module T is nothing but $\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ .

Remark 5.7. Let R be a (commutative) Gorenstein ring of infinite Krull dimension, and set $T:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})$ and $C:=\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ . It follows from Corollary 4.9 (resp. Corollary 5.9) and Example 5.5 that T (resp. C) is tilting (resp. cotilting) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , but this has infinite projective (resp. injective) dimension. Therefore T (resp. C) is not a tilting (resp. cotilting) module in the classical sense (see Remark 2.8). However, T (resp. C) is an $\infty $ -tilting (resp. $\infty $ -cotilting) object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ in the sense of Positselski and Šťovíček (see [99, §2]). More precisely, setting and , we can show that $(T, \mathcal {T})$ (resp. $(C, \mathcal {C})$ ) is an $\infty $ -tilting pair (resp. an $\infty $ -cotilting pair) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ (see [99, §3]). Let us briefly explain how this fact can be checked.

We first show that $\mathcal {T}$ (resp. $\mathcal {C}$ ) coincides with $\mathcal {GI}$ (resp. $\mathcal {GF}$ ), the class of Gorenstein injective (resp. Gorenstein flat) R-modules. Recall from [58, Th. 3.6] that $M\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ is Gorenstein flat if and only if $M^+:={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\mathbb {Z}}(M,\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z})$ is Gorenstein injective. On the other hand, it follows from [35, Th. 1.1] that if M is Gorenstein injective, then $M^+$ is Gorenstein flat. Hence [41, Lem. 1] implies that M is Gorenstein injective if and only if $M^+$ is Gorenstein flat. As a consequence, $(\mathcal {GI}, \mathcal {GF})$ is a duality pair over R in the sense of [59, Def. 2.1] (see also [58, Th. 3.7]), so that $\mathcal {GI}$ is closed under pure submodules by [59, Th. 3.1]. Further, $\mathcal {GI}$ is closed under taking direct products and direct limits by [35, Th. 1.1] and [41, Th. 1]. Thus $\mathcal {GI}$ is a definable class (see [102, §3.4.1]), and so the class $\{M\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R \mid M^+\in \mathcal {GI}\}$ is definable as well (cf. [10, Rem. 2.4] and [102, Th. 1.3.15]). Moreover, $\mathcal {GF}=\{M\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R \mid M^+\in \mathcal {GI}\}$ and $\mathcal {GI}=\{M\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R \mid M^+\in \mathcal {GF}\}$ by the above observation. Since $\mathcal {GI}$ (resp. $\mathcal {GF})$ is definable, a standard argument (cf. [61, Lem. 3.5]) shows that $M \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ is Gorenstein injective (resp. Gorenstein flat) if and only if $M_{\mathfrak {m}}$ is Gorenstein injective (resp. Gorenstein flat) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ for all maximal ideals $\mathfrak {m}$ of R. Hence, noting that $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\cong E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ and $C=\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ is equivalent to $T^+\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(T, {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\mathbb {Z}} (R,\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}))$ as cotilting objects in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see the proof of Theorem 5.2 and Example 5.5), we can deduce from [42, Th. 10.3.8] and tensor-hom adjunction that $M \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ belongs to $\mathcal {C}$ if and only if M is Gorenstein flat, that is, $\mathcal {C}=\mathcal {GF}$ . We have $\mathcal {T}=\{M\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\mid M^+\in \mathcal {C} \}$ by (2.17), (2.19), and [10, Lem. 2.5], so it follows that $\mathcal {T}=\{M\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\mid M^+\in \mathcal {GF}\}=\mathcal {GI}$ .

Now, $(T,\mathcal {T})=(T,\mathcal {GI})$ is an $\infty $ -tilting pair in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ by the above argument and [99, Exam. 6.4]. Moreover, we can directly show that $(C,\mathcal {C})=(C,\mathcal {GF})$ satisfies ( $\mathrm {i}^*$ )-( $\mathrm {iii}^*$ ) in [99, p. 311], and $(C,\mathcal {GF})$ also satisfies ( $\mathrm {iv}^*$ ) by [58, Th. 3.7]. Thus, to see that $(C,\mathcal {C})$ is an $\infty $ -cotilting pair in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ , it remains to show that $(C,\mathcal {C})$ satisfies $(\text {v}^*)$ . For this purpose, it suffices to show that, for any $M\in \mathcal {GF}$ , there exists an injection $M\to N$ such that $N\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(C)\cap \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ . This follows because there exists an injection from M to a flat R-module F by definition and the pure-injective envelope of F is a direct summand of some object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Prod}}(C)\cap \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ (see [42, Th. 5.3.28 and Cor. 6.7.2] and [65, Rem. 7.8]).

Remark 5.8. By local duality (5.1), any commutative noetherian local ring admitting a dualizing complex $D_R$ (Notation 2.15) is Cohen–Macaulay if and only if $D_R$ is quasi-isomorphic to an R-module, which is called a canonical module of R and denoted by $\omega _R$ (cf. [52, Chap. V, Prop. 3.4] and [30, §3.3]). The canonical module is unique up to isomorphism.

Suppose that R is a (possibly nonlocal) Cohen–Macaulay ring. Then $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is a Cohen–Macaulay local ring for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ by definition, and so is $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ (see [79, Th. 17.5]). Hence $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ is quasi-isomorphic to $\omega _{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ . Therefore

$$\begin{align*}C_\Phi \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}_\Phi(\mathfrak{p})}\omega_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for every nondegenerate sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ .

The following is a corollary of Theorem 5.2.

Corollary 5.9. Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay ring, and let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration. Then $C_{\Phi }$ is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

In particular, $C_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}} \cong \prod _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\omega _{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proof. By Theorem 5.2, $C_{\Phi }$ is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , so it only remains to check that . This follows from a parallel argument to the proof of Corollary 4.9.

Remark 5.10. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. For each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ is quasi-isomorphic to a complex of injective $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -modules concentrated in degrees between $0$ and $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ (see Section 2.5.2). The canonical ring homomorphism $R\to R_{\mathfrak {p}}\to \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ is flat, and then it easily follows that every injective $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -module is injective over R. Therefore, if $\dim R<\infty $ and $\Phi $ is a bounded sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then $C_{\Phi }$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex of injective R-modules. In particular, $C_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}}$ isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex of injective R-modules concentrated in degrees from $0$ to $\dim R$ .

Remark 5.11. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let n be an integer with $n \geq 1$ . By [16, Th. 4.2], there are bijections among the equivalence classes of n-tilting modules, those of n-cotilting modules, and the characteristic sequences of length n (see [16, Def. 3.1]). Each characteristic sequence $\mathbf {Y}:=(Y_1,\ldots , Y_n)$ constitutes the sp-filtration $\Phi _{\mathbf {Y}}$ with $\Phi _{\mathbf {Y}}(-1)=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $\Phi _{\mathbf {Y}}(0)=Y_{1}$ ,…, $\Phi _{\mathbf {Y}}(n-1)=Y_{n}$ , and $\Phi _{\mathbf {Y}}(n)=\emptyset $ . By [18, Cor. 3.5] and (2.21), an n-tilting (resp. n-cotilting) module corresponding to the characteristic sequence $\mathbf {Y}$ induces the t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ corresponding to the sp-filtration $\Phi _{\mathbf {Y}}$ via (2.20) (resp. (2.18)); see also the first sentence of [16, §4]. In general, an sp-filtration $\Phi $ comes from a characteristic sequence $\mathbf {Y}=(Y_1,\ldots , Y_n)$ if and only if the order-preserving function $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}\cup \{\infty , -\infty \}$ corestricts to $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \to \{0,1,\ldots ,n\}$ and $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi } \leq \operatorname {{\mathrm {gr}}}$ (see Example 3.3). This fact essentially follows from [16, Lem. 4.1] (see also [18, Cor. 3.5] and [39, Def. 1.1 and Th. 1.2]).

As mentioned in [16, p. 3499], the classification [16, Th. 4.2] does not concretely describe (co)tilting modules corresponding to each characteristic sequence. However, if R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension d, then our Corollaries 4.9 and 5.9 can explicitly give the d-tilting module $\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}H^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and the d-cotilting module $ \prod _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\omega _{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ . The tilting (resp. cotilting) module is a new example as far as $d>0$ (resp. $d>1$ ) and it corresponds to the characteristic sequence $(Y_1,\ldots , Y_{d})$ given by $Y_i:=\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}(i-1)$ . The cotilting module for the case $d=1$ is available in [38, Exam. 6.12], which also covers non-affine noetherian schemes.

In fact, given a commutative noetherian ring R and a slice sp-filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , it directly follows from the definitions of depth and Cohen–Macaulay rings that the silting object $T_{\Phi }$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to an R-module if and only if R is Cohen–Macaulay and $\Phi $ is the height filtration. By (2.21), the same fact holds true for the cosilting object $C_{\Phi }$ . As a consequence, $T_{\Phi }$ (resp. $C_{\Phi }$ ) is equivalent to a tilting (resp. cotilting) module if and only if R is Cohen–Macaulay of finite Krull dimension and $\Phi $ is the height filtration.

6. Endomorphism rings of (co)tilting objects induced by codimension functions

In this section, we study the endomorphism rings of the tilting object and the cotilting object corresponding to a codimension filtration.

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. Let $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\varkappa $ be any cardinal. There are standard isomorphisms

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)})\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)})\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p} R_{\mathfrak{p}}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and the last object coincides with ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}^{(\varkappa )})= \Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {p}}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}^{(\varkappa )})=\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}^{(\varkappa )})$ by (2.9).

Hence we have a natural isomorphism

(6.1) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)})\cong \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)}} \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Since the right-hand side has neither positive nor negative cohomologies, (6.1) can be naturally identified with an isomorphism

(6.2) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)})\cong \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)}} \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . If $\varkappa =1$ , (6.2) is of the form

(6.3) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}})\cong \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}, \end{align} $$

which is an isomorphism of rings. For later use, let us verify the last fact in more detail. It suffices to treat the case when R is local and $\mathfrak {p}$ is the maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ . Consider the canonical ring homomorphism $f:R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R)$ , and compose it with the standard isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R)&={\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R,{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R)\\ &\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R,R)\\ &\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R,R) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Then we obtain a natural morphism $R\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R,R)$ , which is in fact induced by the canonical morphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R\to R$ under the identification $R={\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R,R)$ . Thus the morphism $R\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R,R)$ coincides with the canonical morphism $R\to {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {m}} R=\widehat {R}$ via (2.9) applied to $I:=\mathfrak {m}$ (see, e.g., [108, Prop. 7.5.16]). We see from this observation that the composition of $f:R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R)$ and the isomorphism of R-modules given by (6.3) is just the completion map $c:R\to \widehat {R}$ , that is, $c=gf$ . Moreover, we can naturally extend f to a ring homomorphism $h:\widehat {R}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R_{\mathfrak {m}})\cong \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}\widehat {R})$ , that is, $f=hc$ (see (5.5)). Since $c=gf$ , we have $c=ghc$ . Hence $\operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\widehat {R}}=\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}} (c)= \Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}}(gh) \Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}}(c)= \Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}}(gh)$ , but clearly $\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}}(g)=g$ and $\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {m}}(h)=h$ because the domains and the codomains are $\mathfrak {m}$ -adically complete. Consequently $\operatorname {\mathrm {Id}}_{\widehat {R}}=gh$ . This means that the ring homomorphism $h:\widehat {R}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R_{\mathfrak {m}})$ is the inverse map to the isomorphism of R-modules. Therefore g is an isomorphism of rings, and so is (6.3), as desired.

Let $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ be a chain in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\varkappa $ a cardinal. Although computing ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}, {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}}^{(\varkappa )})$ is not easy in general, we can explicitly do this if the chain is saturated by the theorem below, which is formulated in a more general situation. To prove it, we recall the natural isomorphism

(6.4) $$ \begin{align} \lambda^{\{\mathfrak{p}\}}\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}} (-\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits R_{\mathfrak{p}}) \end{align} $$

of functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for any $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (see [85, Cor. 3.7]).

Theorem 6.1. Let $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $W\subseteq \min (V(\mathfrak {p})\setminus \{\mathfrak {p}\})$ . Let $\varkappa $ be any cardinal. Then there is a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} \Sigma{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)})\cong \Lambda^{\mathfrak{p}} ((\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}})_{\mathfrak{p}})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proof. Put $V_0:=V(\mathfrak {p})\setminus \{\mathfrak {p}\}$ , and consider the approximation triangle

$$\begin{align*}\gamma_{V_0} R\to \gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})}R\to \lambda^{V_0^{\mathrm{c}}}\gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})}R\xrightarrow{+},\end{align*}$$

where $\gamma _{V_0} \gamma _{V(\mathfrak {p})}R\cong \gamma _{V_0} R$ by (2.4) and $\lambda ^{V_0^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{V(\mathfrak {p})}R\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ by Remark 4.3. Putting $X:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {q}\in W} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}} R_{\mathfrak {q}}^{(\varkappa )}$ and applying ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(-,\Sigma X)$ to the above triangle, we obtain the following triangle:

(6.5) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma\gamma_{V_0} R,\Sigma X)\to{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma X) \to {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})}R,\Sigma X)\xrightarrow{+}. \end{align} $$

Let $\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}$ be the generalization closure of W (i.e., the smallest generalization closed subset containing W). Since $X\in \mathcal {L}_{\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}}=\mathcal {C}^{\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}}$ by (2.5), there is a canonical isomorphism

(6.6) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\gamma_{V_0} R, X)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\lambda^{\overline{W}^{\mathrm{g}}}\gamma_{V_0} R, X). \end{align} $$

Consider the approximation triangle

$$\begin{align*}\gamma_{(\overline{W}^{\mathrm{g}})^{\mathrm{c}}}\gamma_{V_0} R \to \gamma_{V_0} R\to \lambda^{\overline{W}^{\mathrm{g}}}\gamma_{V_0} R\xrightarrow{+},\end{align*}$$

where $\gamma _{(\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}})^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{V_0} R\cong \gamma _{(\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}})^{\mathrm {c}}\cap V_0} R$ (see, e.g., [26, Prop. 6.1]. Since the composition $\gamma _{(\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}})^{\mathrm {c}}\cap V_0} R\cong \gamma _{(\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}})^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{V_0} R\to \gamma _{V_0} R$ is the canonical one, letting $V_1:=(\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}})^{\mathrm {c}}\cap V_0$ , we may regard the above triangle as the approximation triangle

$$\begin{align*}\gamma_{V_1} R \to \gamma_{V_0} R\to \lambda^{V_1^{\mathrm{c}}}\gamma_{V_0} R\xrightarrow{+}.\end{align*}$$

Note that $V_0\backslash V_1=V_0\cap V_1^{\mathrm {c}}=V_0\cap \overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}=W$ and $\dim W\leq 0$ by assumption. Hence $\lambda ^{V_1^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{V_0} R\cong \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {q}\in W} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}} R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ by Remark 4.3. This fact and (6.6) yield the natural isomorphisms

(6.7) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\gamma_{V_0} R, X)&\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}, X)\cong\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}, X). \end{align} $$

Since $\dim W\leq 0$ , we have

(6.8) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}, X)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}) \end{align} $$

for each $\mathfrak {q}\in W$ by (2.5) and the second paragraph of Remark 3.6. Therefore

(6.9) $$ \begin{align}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\gamma_{V_0} R, X)\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)})\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W}\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}}, \end{align} $$

where the first isomorphism holds by (6.6) to (6.8) and the second holds by (6.1).

Now, we remark that

$$\begin{align*}\lambda^{\{\mathfrak{p}\}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})}R,\Sigma X)\cong \lambda^{\{\mathfrak{p}\}} \lambda^{V(\mathfrak{p})}\Sigma X\cong \lambda^{\{\mathfrak{p}\}} \Sigma X \cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}(\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} \Sigma ({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)})_{\mathfrak{p}}) =0 \end{align*}$$

by (2.4), (2.7), and (6.4), where the last equality holds because $({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}} R_{\mathfrak {q}}^{(\varkappa )})_{\mathfrak {p}}=0$ for every $\mathfrak {q}\in W$ . Hence, applying $\lambda ^{\{\mathfrak {p}\}}$ to (6.5), we obtain the isomorphism

(6.10)

induced by the canonical morphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong \lambda ^{V_0^{\mathrm {c}}}\gamma _{V(\mathfrak {p})}R \to \Sigma \gamma _{V_0}R$ . Notice that

(6.11) $$ \begin{align} \lambda^{\{\mathfrak{p}\}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma X)\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma X)\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma X), \end{align} $$

where the first isomorphism follows from (6.4) along with the isomorphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}, \Sigma X)\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}},\Sigma X)_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and the second follows from Remark 3.6. Thus combining (6.9) to (6.11), we obtain a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma X)\cong \Lambda^{\mathfrak{p}} ((\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}})_{\mathfrak{p}}).\\[-54pt]\end{align*}$$

Notation 6.2. For each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we write $\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}=\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}}(-{\otimes }_RR_{\mathfrak {p}})$ , which is a functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ . Moreover, for a subset $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\dim W\leq 0$ , we write $\mathrm {A}^{W}=\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in W}\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}$ . If $W=\emptyset $ , then $\mathrm {A}^{W}$ is the zero functor.

Corollary 6.3. Assume that R admits a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ . For each $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ , set $W_n:=\{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \mid \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})=n\}$ , $T(n):=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in W_n}\Sigma ^n{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , and $Y(n):=T(n)\oplus T(n+1)$ . Let $\varkappa $ be any cardinal. Then there is an isomorphism

(6.12) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(Y(n), Y(n)^{(\varkappa)})\cong \mathrm{A}^{W_n}(R^{(\varkappa)})\oplus \mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}(R^{(\varkappa)})\oplus \mathrm{A}^{W_{n}}\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}(R^{(\varkappa)}) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for any $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ , and this is induced by the following collection of natural isomorphisms:

(6.13) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T(i), T(j)^{(\varkappa)}) \cong \left\{\! \begin{array}{ll} \mathrm{A}^{W_i}(R^{(\varkappa)}),& (n\leq i=j\leq n+1),\\ \mathrm{A}^{W_{n}}\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}(R^{(\varkappa)}),& (i=n,\ j=n+1),\\ 0,&(i=n+1,\ j=n). \end{array} \right. \end{align} $$

Proof. Let i and j be integers. There are natural isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T(i), T(j)^{(\varkappa)}) &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q}\in W_j}\Sigma^{j-i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)})\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_j}\Sigma^{j-i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)}) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where the second isomorphism follows from (2.5).

If $i=j$ and $\mathfrak {p}\in W_i$ , then $V(\mathfrak {p})\cap W_i=\{\mathfrak {p}\}$ , so we have

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T(i), T(i)^{(\varkappa)}) \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}^{(\varkappa)}) \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_i}\mathrm{A}^{\mathfrak{p}}(R^{(\varkappa)}) = \mathrm{A}^{W_i} (R^{(\varkappa)})\end{align*}$$

by (6.1). This shows the first isomorphism of (6.13).

If $(i,j)=(n,n+1)$ for some integer n, then we have

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_{n+1}}\Sigma {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}) &\cong \Lambda^{\mathfrak{p}} ((\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_{n+1}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}})_{\mathfrak{p}})\\ &\cong \Lambda^{\mathfrak{p}}((\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W_{n+1}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}})_{\mathfrak{p}})\\ &=\mathrm{A}^{\mathfrak{p}} \mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}(R^{(\varkappa)}) \end{align*} $$

for every $\mathfrak {p}\in W_n$ by Theorem 6.1, where the second isomorphism holds because

$$\begin{align*}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W_{n+1}\setminus V(\mathfrak{p})} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}})_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RR/\mathfrak{p}^t\cong (\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W_{n+1}\setminus V(\mathfrak{p})} (\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)}}{\otimes}_RR/\mathfrak{p}^t))_{\mathfrak{p}}=0\end{align*}$$

for all $t\geq 1$ . Hence there is a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T(n), T(n+1)^{(\varkappa)})\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_n} \mathrm{A}^{\mathfrak{p}}\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}(R^{(\varkappa)})=\mathrm{A}^{W_n} \mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}(R^{(\varkappa)})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , from which the second isomorphism of (6.13) follows.

If $i>j$ and $\mathfrak {p}\in W_i$ , then $V(\mathfrak {p})\cap W_j=\emptyset $ , so

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T(i), T(j)^{(\varkappa)})= 0\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . This shows the third case of (6.13).

Corollary 6.4. Let R, $Y(n)$ , and $\varkappa $ be as in Corollary 6.3. Then there is a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(Y(n),Y(n)^{(\varkappa)}) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(Y(n), Y(n)^{(\varkappa)})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for any $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ . The right-hand side is a flat R-module.

Proof. This follows from Corollary 6.3. See also Remark 6.22 for the second statement.

If $\dim R\leq 1$ , a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ always exists; for example, choose $\mathsf {d}$ as the height function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} :\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ or the function defined by the assignment $\mathfrak {p}\mapsto \dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {p}$ .

Theorem 6.5. Assume that the Krull dimension of R is at most one. Let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $T_\Phi $ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proof. By Theorem 4.6, $T_\Phi $ is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . To show that $T_\Phi $ is tilting, we may assume that $\Phi $ is the height filtration (see the last paragraph of Remark 4.10). Then the theorem follows from Corollary 6.4.

For the proof of the next theorem, we make a remark.

Remark 6.6. Let R be any commutative noetherian ring and $W\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\dim W\leq 0$ . For each $\mathfrak {q}\in W$ , let be the canonical ring isomorphism given by (6.3). Let n be an integer and $X:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in W}\Sigma ^n{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Take any element $(r_{\mathfrak {q}})_{\mathfrak {q}\in W}$ of $\prod _{\mathfrak {q}\in W}\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}=\mathrm {A}^{W} R$ . Then we have the coproduct $\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {q}\in W} \Sigma ^n h_{\mathfrak {q}}(r_{\mathfrak {q}}): X\to X$ of morphisms $ \Sigma ^n h_{\mathfrak {q}}(r_{\mathfrak {q}}):\Sigma ^n{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}} R_{\mathfrak {q}} \to \Sigma ^n{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}} R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ . Since

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(X)\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W}\operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} R_{\mathfrak{q}})\end{align*}$$

by (2.5), the assignment $(r_{\mathfrak {q}})_{\mathfrak {q}\in W}\mapsto \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {q}\in W} \Sigma ^n h_{\mathfrak {q}}(r_{\mathfrak {q}})$ induces a ring isomorphism

(6.14)

This gives the first isomorphism of (6.13) if $W=W_n$ , $X=T(n)$ , and $\varkappa =1$ . Note that if $W=\emptyset $ , then the both sides of (6.14) are the zero ring.

Let $U\subseteq \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\dim U\leq 0$ . Let us observe that $\mathrm {A}^U \mathrm {A}^WR$ has an $(\mathrm {A}^{W}R,\mathrm {A}^UR)$ -bimodule structure. Regard the (commutative) R-algebra $\mathrm {A}^{W}R$ as a left $\mathrm {A}^{W}R$ -module. Each element $a\in \mathrm {A}^{W}R$ induces an R-homomorphism $\mathrm {A}^{W}R\xrightarrow {a \cdot } \mathrm {A}^{W}R$ , and it is sent to an R-homomorphism by the functor $\mathrm {A}^{U}: \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ . Hence we can define the a-action on $\mathrm {A}^U\mathrm {A}^{W}R$ as the induced map $\mathrm {A}^{U}(a \cdot ): \mathrm {A}^U \mathrm {A}^WR\to \mathrm {A}^U \mathrm {A}^WR$ , so $\mathrm {A}^U \mathrm {A}^WR$ is a left $\mathrm {A}^WR$ -module. On the other hand, we may interpret $\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}$ as a functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (see, e.g., [65, Rem. A.11]). Thus $\mathrm {A}^{U}=\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in U}\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}$ is a functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \mathrm {A}^{U}R$ . In particular, the (commutative) ring $\mathrm {A}^{U}R$ naturally acts on $\mathrm {A}^{U}\mathrm {A}^{W}R$ from the right. As a consequence, $\mathrm {A}^{U}\mathrm {A}^{W}R$ has an $(\mathrm {A}^{W}R,\mathrm {A}^{U}R)$ -bimodule structure. Indeed, given $a\in \mathrm {A}^{W}R$ , $b\in \mathrm {A}^{U}R$ , and $x\in \mathrm {A}^{U}\mathrm {A}^{W}R$ , we have $(ax)b=(\mathrm {A}^{U}(a \cdot ))(x)b=(\mathrm {A}^{U}(a \cdot ))(xb)=a(xb)$ , where the second equality holds because $\mathrm {A}^{U}(a \cdot ): \mathrm {A}^U \mathrm {A}^WR\to \mathrm {A}^U \mathrm {A}^WR$ is a morphism in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \mathrm {A}^UR$ , that is, an $\mathrm {A}^{U}R$ -homomorphism.

Theorem 6.7. Let R, $W_n$ , and $Y(n)$ be as in Corollary 6.3. For each $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ , there is a natural isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(Y(n))\cong \begin{pmatrix} \mathrm{A}^{W_n}R & 0 \\ \mathrm{A}^{W_{n}}\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}R & \mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}R \end{pmatrix} \end{align*} $$

of rings.

Proof. By definition and the third case of (6.13), we have the ring isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(Y(n)) &\cong \begin{pmatrix} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n)) & 0 \\ {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n),T(n+1)) & \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n+1)) \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*} $$

Moreover, by the first and the second cases of (6.13), we have the following isomorphisms of R-modules:

(6.15) $$ \begin{align} \!\!\!\kern-3.5pt\mathrm{A}^{W_{n}} R&\cong \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n)),\ \ \end{align} $$

(6.16) $$ \begin{align} \!\!\kern-1pt\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}} R&\cong \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n+1)),\ \end{align} $$

(6.17) $$ \begin{align} \mathrm{A}^{W_n}\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}} R&\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n),T(n+1)). \end{align} $$

Here, (6.15) and (6.16) are isomorphisms of rings by (6.14). Thus it remains to show that, through (6.15), (6.16), and (6.17), the $(\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}}R,\mathrm {A}^{W_{n}}R)$ -bimodule structure on $\mathrm {A}^{W_n}\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}} R$ agrees with the $(\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n+1)),\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n)))$ -module structure on ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n),T(n+1))$ .

Take $\mathfrak {p}\in W_n$ . Let $W:=V(\mathfrak {p}) \cap W_{n+1}$ and $X:=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {q}\in W} {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ . By the proof of Corollary 6.3, we have a natural isomorphism

(6.18) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma X)\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\Sigma^{n}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},T(n+1)) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Let $V_0:=V(\mathfrak {p})\setminus \{\mathfrak {p}\}$ . Since $W\subseteq \min V_0$ , we have a natural morphism

(6.19) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma\gamma_{V_0} R,\Sigma X)\to{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma X), \end{align} $$

which is the first morphism of (6.5). Moreover, there is a natural isomorphism

(6.20) $$ \begin{align} \mathrm{A}^W R\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma\gamma_{V_0} R,\Sigma X) \end{align} $$

by (6.9). By construction, the left $\mathrm {A}^W R$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^W R$ agrees with the left $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(X)$ -action on ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma \gamma _{V_0} R,\Sigma X)$ , through (6.20) and the ring isomorphism given by (6.14). Composing (6.18), (6.19), and (6.20), we obtain a natural morphism

(6.21) $$ \begin{align} \mathrm{A}^W R\to {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\Sigma^{n}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},T(n+1)) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . We remark that, by (6.10) and (6.18), the morphism (6.19) becomes an isomorphism upon application of $\lambda ^{\{\mathfrak {p}\}}$ . Furthermore, we have $\lambda ^{\{\mathfrak {p}\}}\mathrm {A}^{W} R\cong \mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}\mathrm {A}^{W} R\cong \mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}} R$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see (6.4) and the proof of Corollary 6.3). Thus, application of $\lambda ^{\{\mathfrak {p}\}}$ to (6.21) induces a natural isomorphism

(6.22)

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see also (6.11)). By construction, the left $\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}} R$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}}\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}} R$ agrees with the left $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n+1))$ -action on ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(\Sigma ^{n}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},T(n+1))$ through (6.16) and (6.22). Taking the product of (6.22) for all $\mathfrak {p}\in W_n$ , and using (6.13) (or Corollary 6.4), we obtain the following natural isomorphisms:

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{A}^{W_n}\mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}} R &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_n}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\Sigma^{n}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},T(n+1))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T(n),T(n+1))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(n),T(n+1)) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , whose composition is nothing but (6.17). By construction, the left $\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}} R$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^{W_n}\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}} R$ agrees with the left $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n+1))$ -action on ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n),T(n+1))$ through (6.16) and (6.17).

We next show that the right $\mathrm {A}^{W_{n}}R$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^{W_n}\mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}}R$ agrees with the right $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n))$ -action on ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(n),T(n+1))$ through (6.15) and (6.17). Since the isomorphism (6.17) restricts to the isomorphism

(6.23) $$ \begin{align} \mathrm{A}^{\mathfrak{p}} \mathrm{A}^{W_{n+1}}R\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\Sigma^{n}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},T(n+1)) \end{align} $$

of $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules for each $\mathfrak {p}\in W_n$ , it suffices to show that the right $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}} \mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}}R$ agrees with the right $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(\Sigma ^{n}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ -action on $M:={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(\Sigma ^{n}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},T(n+1))$ through (6.3) and (6.23).

The right $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}} \mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}}R$ induces an $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -action on M through (6.23). Further, M has the right $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(\Sigma ^{n}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ -action, which can be regarded as an $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -action through (6.3). Consequently, M has two (right) $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -module structures extending its $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module structure. Then the two $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -module structures coincide by [65, Prop. A.15]. This argument shows that the right $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -action on $\mathrm {A}^{\mathfrak {p}} \mathrm {A}^{W_{n+1}}R$ agrees with the right $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(\Sigma ^{n}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ -action on M through (6.3) and (6.23).

We denote by $\operatorname {\mathrm {mSpec}} R$ the set of maximal ideals of R. The following partly generalizes [32, Exams. 7.5 and 7.6(2)] and [100, Exam. 8.4].

Example 6.8. In the setting of Theorem 6.5, we can explicitly compute the endomorphism ring $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ of the tilting object $T_\Phi $ . By Remark 4.10, we may assume that $\Phi $ is the sp-filtration $\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}$ for the codimension function $\mathsf {d}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ given by $\mathfrak {p}\mapsto \dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {p}$ (see Remark 2.11). If $\dim R=0$ , then $T_\Phi \cong \prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} R_{\mathfrak {p}} \cong R$ , so $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )\cong R$ . Hence assume $\dim R=1$ . In the notation of Corollary 6.3, we have $T_\Phi = T(0) \oplus T(1) = Y(0)$ , where $W_1=\operatorname {\mathrm {mSpec}} R$ and $W_0=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\setminus W_1$ . Then $\mathrm {A}^{W_0}=\prod _{\mathfrak {p} \in W_0}(- {\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ , and this functor coincides with $-{\otimes }_R S^{-1}R$ , where $S=R\setminus \bigcup _{\mathfrak {p}\in W_0} \mathfrak {p}$ (see, e.g., [79, §8, Th. 8.15, and Rem. 2]). By Theorem 6.7, we obtain the description (1.1) of $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ . If $R=\mathbb {Z}$ , $(\prod _{\mathfrak {m}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {mSpec}} \mathbb {Z}} \widehat {\mathbb {Z}_{\mathfrak {m}}}){\otimes }_{\mathbb {Z}}\mathbb {Q}$ is known as the ring of finite adeles.

The endomorphism ring $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ does not depend (up to isomorphism) on the choice of a codimension filtration, but if the height filtration is chosen as $\Phi $ , then one would apply Theorem 6.7 (and Corollary 6.3) to $\mathsf {d}:=\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}$ . In this case, and if $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is not connected, Theorem 6.7 could give a slightly different description of the endomorphism ring:

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi})\cong \begin{pmatrix} S^{-1}R & 0 \\ \displaystyle{(\prod_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})=1} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{m}}}){\otimes}_RS^{-1}R} & \displaystyle{\prod_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})=1} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{m}}}} \end{pmatrix},\end{align*}$$

where S is the complement of the set of height-zero prime ideals. If R is Cohen–Macaulay, S is the set of nonzero divisors (see [79, Ths. 6.1(ii) and 17.3(i)]), so $S^{-1}R$ is the total quotient ring.

The next result allows us to partly dualize the tilting condition to the cotilting condition.

Proposition 6.9. Let $\mathfrak {p} \subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ be prime ideals of R and let $\varkappa $ be a nonzero cardinal. For each $i \in \mathbb {Z}$ , the following conditions are equivalent:

1. (1) $H^{i}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}}^{(\varkappa )})=0.$

2. (2) $H^{i}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})=0.$

3. (3) $H^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})-i}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}\mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})=0.$

4. (4) $H^{i-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})+\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}}^\varkappa ,D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}) = 0.$

5. (5) $H^{i-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})+\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}},D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}) = 0.$

Proof. For any complex X of $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules and any complex Y of $R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ -modules, there is a standard isomorphism ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X,Y)\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {q}}}(X,Y)$ . Hence, it is enough to treat the case when $(R,\mathfrak {m}, k)$ is a local ring, $\mathfrak {q}$ is the maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ , and $\mathfrak {p}$ is a prime ideal of the local ring R. Then $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}=\widehat {R}$ . In addition, we may regard $D_{\widehat {R}}$ as a bounded complex of finitely generated $\widehat {R}$ -modules. Noting that $E_{R}(k)\cong E_{\widehat {R}}(k)$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}$ (see [64, Lem. A.27 and Th. A.31]), we have

$$ \begin{align*} &H^{i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}} R^{(\varkappa)})=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{i-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}} R^{(\varkappa)})=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{i-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(D_{\widehat{R}}, E_R(k))^{(\varkappa)})=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{i-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(D_{\widehat{R}}, E_R(k)^{(\varkappa)}))=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{i-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits D_{\widehat{R}}, E_R(k)^{(\varkappa)})=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})-i}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits D_{\widehat{R}})=0, \end{align*} $$

where the second bi-implication follows from (5.8) as ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R^{(\varkappa )}\cong ({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R)^{(\varkappa )}$ , the third follows as $D_{\widehat {R}}$ consists of finitely generated $\widehat {R}$ -modules and $E_R(k)^{(\varkappa )}$ is injective, and the fourth follows by the adjunction

Then it is seen that the equivalences among (1)–(3) hold.

Next, we recall that, for any finitely generated $\widehat {R}$ -module N, the functor $N{\otimes }_{\widehat {R}}-: \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}$ commutes with products because $\widehat {R}$ is noetherian. Thus we have a natural isomorphism

(6.24)

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(\widehat {R})$ . Using this, (5.7), and (2.11), we obtain natural isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R}}^\varkappa,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R}} {\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \widehat{R}^\varkappa,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R}} {\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \widehat{R}^\varkappa,\Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}, E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p})))\\ &\cong \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits(D_{\widehat{R}}{\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \widehat{R}^\varkappa),E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p}))\\ &\cong \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}}{\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \widehat{R}^\varkappa,E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p})) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where $E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p})\cong E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and the last ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R}$ can be replaced by ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ . Therefore we have

$$ \begin{align*} &H^{i-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})+\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R}}^\varkappa,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{i-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}(\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}}{\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \widehat{R}^\varkappa,E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p}))=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})-i}(\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}}{\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \widehat{R}^\varkappa)=0\\ &\Leftrightarrow H^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})-i}(\check{C}(\mathfrak{p})_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}})=0\\ & \Leftrightarrow H^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})-i}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits D_{\widehat{R}})=0, \end{align*} $$

where the third bi-implication follows since $\widehat {R}^\varkappa $ is a faithfully flat $\widehat {R}$ -module. This shows that the equivalences among (3)–(5) hold.

Proposition 6.10. Let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ .

1. (1) If $T_\Phi $ is a silting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration. If $T_\Phi $ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration, and so R admits a codimension function.

2. (2) If $C_\Phi $ is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration. If $C_\Phi $ is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , then $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration, and so R admits a codimension function.

Proof. (1): Let $T:=T_{\Phi }$ and $\mathsf {f}:=\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }$ , where $\mathsf {f}_\Phi : \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ is the order-preserving function corresponding to $\Phi $ (Remark 2.11). Suppose that T is silting. Then by Lemma 2.2. Take any saturated chain $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and consider the direct summand

$$\begin{align*}X:={\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}R_{\mathfrak{q}})\end{align*}$$

of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T,T)$ . If $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p}) = \mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})$ , then Theorem 6.1 implies that $X \cong \Sigma ^{-1} \Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}}(\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}{\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}})\neq 0$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Thus $H^1{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T,T)\neq 0$ , but this contradicts that . Therefore $\mathsf {f}=\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ is strictly increasing, that is, $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration (see (3.1)).

Next, suppose that T is tilting. Then $\mathsf {f}$ is strictly increasing by the above argument. If $\mathsf {f}$ is not a codimension function, there is a saturated chain $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ such that $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})>1$ . Putting $n:=\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma^{\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}R_{\mathfrak{q}})={\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma^{n} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}R_{\mathfrak{q}})\cong \Sigma^{n-1} \Lambda^{\mathfrak{p}}(\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}{\otimes}_RR_{\mathfrak{p}})\end{align*}$$

by Theorem 6.1. Hence $H^{-n+1}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T,T)\neq 0$ and $-n+1<0$ , but this contradicts that . Thus $\mathsf {f}=\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }$ is a codimension function, that is, $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration.

(2): Let $C:=C_{\Phi }$ and $\mathsf {f}:=\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }$ . Suppose that C is cosilting. Then (see the first paragraph of Section 2.1.3). Take any saturated chain $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . By Theorem 6.1, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})\cong \Sigma ^{-1} \Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}}(\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}{\otimes }_RR_{\mathfrak {p}})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and hence $H^{1}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})\neq 0$ . It then follows from Proposition 6.9, applied to $i=1$ , that $H^{1-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})+\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R( D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}}, D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}) \neq 0,$ that is, $H^{1}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})} D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}},\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})\neq 0$ . If $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})=\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})$ , ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(C_{\Phi },C_{\Phi })$ contains

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})={\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\end{align*}$$

as a direct summand. Thus $H^1{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(C,C)\neq 0$ , but this contradicts that . Therefore $\mathsf {f}=\mathsf {f}_\Phi $ is strictly increasing, that is, $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration.

Next, suppose that C is cotilting. Then $\mathsf {f}$ is strictly increasing by the above argument. If $\mathsf {f}$ is not a codimension function, there is a saturated chain $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ such that $\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})>1$ . Putting $n:=\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {q})-\mathsf {f}(\mathfrak {p})$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}Y:={\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{q})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-\mathsf{f}(\mathfrak{p})}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})=\Sigma^{n-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})+\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}).\end{align*}$$

Recall that $H^1{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})\neq 0 $ by Theorem 6.1. Hence Proposition 6.9, applied to $i=1$ , yields $H^{1-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})+\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}},D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})\neq 0$ . Therefore

$$\begin{align*}H^{-n+1}Y=H^{1-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})+\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\neq 0,\end{align*}$$

where $-n+1<0$ . Then as Y is a direct summand of C, but this contradicts that C is cotilting. Thus $\mathsf {f}=\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }$ is a codimension function, that is, $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration.

Theorem 6.11 and Corollary 6.12 are cotilting versions of Theorem 6.1 and Corollary 6.4, respectively.

Theorem 6.11. Let $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $W\subseteq \min (V(\mathfrak {p})\setminus \{\mathfrak {p}\})$ . Let $\varkappa $ be any cardinal. Then there is a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-1} D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W} \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-1} D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Moreover, the right-hand side is a flat R-module.

Corollary 6.12. Assume that R admits a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ . For each $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ , set $W_n:=\{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \mid \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p})=n\}$ , $C(n):=\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in W_n}\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})-n}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ , and $Y(n):=C(n)\oplus C(n+1)$ . Let $\varkappa $ be any cardinal. Then there is a natural isomorphism

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(Y(n)^{\varkappa},Y(n)) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(Y(n)^{\varkappa}, Y(n))\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Moreover, the right-hand side is a flat R-module.

It will be seen in the proof of Corollary 6.12 that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(C(n)^\varkappa , C(n+1))= 0$ , so $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(Y(n))$ naturally becomes an upper triangular matrix ring. However, the proof of Theorem 6.11 will show that a more concrete description of the right-hand side in Theorem 6.11 is more complicated than that of Theorem 6.1. Hence, for the cotilting side, we do not give a result like Theorem 6.7 (see also Example 6.15).

Corollary 6.12 yields the next theorem. As already mentioned, there is no formal way to dualize the tilting condition to the cotilting condition, so we can not deduce this theorem directly from Theorem 6.5.

Theorem 6.13. Assume that the Krull dimension of R is at most one. Let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then $C_\Phi $ is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proof. By Theorem 5.2, $C_\Phi $ is a cosilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . To show that $C_\Phi $ is cotilting, we may assume that $\Phi $ is the height filtration (see Remark 4.10). Then this theorem follows from Corollary 6.12.

Let R be as in Theorem 6.13 and $\Phi $ the height filtration. Then $C_{\Phi }= \prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ , and in the derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , we may interpret $C_{\Phi }$ as a complex of injective R-modules concentrated in degrees $0$ and $1$ (see Remark 5.10). Hence, instead of using Corollary 6.12, one can also complete the proof of Theorem 6.13 by the following result due to Pavon and Vitória. For its proof, see also [98, Rem. 4.8] and Remark 6.20.

Theorem 6.14 [98, Cor. 5.12].

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring and C a 2-term cosilting complex over R. Then C is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Let us now prove Theorem 6.11 and Corollary 6.12. For this purpose, we remark that

(6.25) $$ \begin{align} \operatorname{\mathrm{cosupp}}_R D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}=\{\mathfrak{p}\} \end{align} $$

for each $\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Moreover, given a subset W of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $Y\in \mathcal {C}^W$ , and $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $W\cap U(\mathfrak {p})=\emptyset $ , we have

(6.26) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(X, Y)=0 \end{align} $$

for every complex X of $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules because by (2.5) and $\mathcal {C}^{W}\subseteq \mathcal {C}^{V}$ , where $V:=U(\mathfrak {p})^{\mathrm {c}}$ . We will also need the fact that, for any $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , there is a quasi-isomorphism

(6.27) $$ \begin{align} \check{C}(\mathfrak{p}){\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}} \to \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} E_R(R/\mathfrak{p}) \end{align} $$

of complexes of $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ -modules (see (2.11), (2.22), and (5.3)).

Proof of Theorem 6.11

Let $X := \prod _{\mathfrak {q}\in W} \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {q})-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})-1}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}}^{\varkappa }$ . By (5.2), we have

(6.28) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(X,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}(X \mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}} (\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, E_R(R/\mathfrak{p})). \end{align} $$

Note that $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\cong E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and $X \mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}} \cong \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} X_{\mathfrak {p}}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by (2.11). Hence, it suffices to show that $\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} X_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic to an injective R-module in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see [42, Th. 3.2.16]).

Consider the approximation triangle

(6.29) $$ \begin{align} \gamma_{U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X \to X \to X_{\mathfrak{p}}\xrightarrow{+}, \end{align} $$

where $X_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong \lambda ^{U(\mathfrak {p})}X$ by (2.6). Since $W\subseteq U(\mathfrak {p})^{\mathrm {c}}$ by assumption, it follows from (6.25) and (6.26) that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},X) = 0$ . Thus application of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},-)$ to (6.29) yields the natural isomorphism

(6.30)

Moreover, by (2.8)–(2.10), tensor-hom adjunction, and [26, Prop. 6.1], there are natural isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},\gamma_{U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}\, R,{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},\gamma_{U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X))\\&\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}\, R,\gamma_{U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X))\\&\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}\, R,\gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})\cap U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X))\\&\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}\, R,{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},\gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})\cap U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X))\\&\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},\gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})\cap U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X). \end{align*} $$

Thus, we can rewrite (6.30) to

(6.31)

Since $X\in \mathcal {C}^{\overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}}$ and $V(\mathfrak {p})\cap U(\mathfrak {p})^{\mathrm {c}} \cap \overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}=(V(\mathfrak {p})\setminus \{\mathfrak {p}\}) \cap \overline {W}^{\mathrm {g}}=W$ , we have natural isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} \gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})\cap U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}X \cong \gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})\cap U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}}}\gamma_{\overline{W}^{\mathrm{g}}}X \cong \gamma_{V(\mathfrak{p})\cap U(\mathfrak{p})^{\mathrm{c}} \cap \overline{W}^{\mathrm{g}}}X \cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in W}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{q}},X) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where the second and the third isomorphisms follow from [85, Prop. 3.21] and [84, Th. 3.12], respectively. Moreover, we see from (6.25) and (6.26) that

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{q}},X) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{q}},\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-1}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa})\cong \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-1}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa}.\end{align*}$$

Thus, we can rewrite (6.31) to

(6.32)

Now, using (2.11), (6.24), and (6.27), we compute

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa} &\cong \check{C}(\mathfrak{q}) {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa}\\ &\cong \check{C}(\mathfrak{q}) {\otimes}_R (D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}} {\otimes}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^{\varkappa})\\ &\cong (\check{C}(\mathfrak{q}) {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}) {\otimes}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^{\varkappa}\\ &\cong \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})} E_R(R/\mathfrak{q}) {\otimes}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^{\varkappa} \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Combining this with (6.32), we have

$$ \begin{align*} \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}} (\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} X_{\mathfrak{p}} &\cong \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in W}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{q}} D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^{\varkappa})\\ &\cong \Gamma_{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}},\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in W} E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{q}) {\otimes}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}^{\varkappa}) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where the second isomorphism holds because the R-modules $E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {q}) {\otimes }_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}^{\varkappa } $ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}},\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {q} \in W} E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {q}) {\otimes }_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}^{\varkappa })$ are both injective (see [42, Ths. 3.2.9 and 3.2.16]). Therefore, it follows from Remark 4.2 that $\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} X_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic to an injective R-module, as desired.

Proof of Corollary 6.12

Let i and j be integers. There are natural isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(C(i)^\varkappa,C(j)) &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_j}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in W_i}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-i}D^\varkappa_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-j}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_j}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_i}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-i}D^\varkappa_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}},\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-j}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}), \end{align*} $$

where the second isomorphism follows from (2.5) and (6.25).

If $i=j$ and $\mathfrak {p}\in W_i$ , then $V(\mathfrak {p})\cap W_i=\{\mathfrak {p}\}$ , so we have

(6.33) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(C(i)^\varkappa,C(i))\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(D^\varkappa_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_i}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(D^\varkappa_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}), \end{align} $$

where the second follows from (2.11), (5.7), (6.24), and (6.27) because

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}^\varkappa,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}D^\varkappa_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p}))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p}) {\otimes}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}^{\varkappa}, E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p}))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p}) {\otimes}_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}^{\varkappa}, E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p})). \end{align*} $$

The last R-module is flat since $E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p}) {\otimes }_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}^{\varkappa }$ is injective over R (see [42, Ths. 3.2.9 and 3.2.16]).

If $(i,j)=(n+1,n)$ for some integer n, then we have

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(C(n+1)^\varkappa,C(n)) &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{n}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_{n+1}}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-n-1}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^\varkappa,\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-n}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\\ &= \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{n}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_{n+1}}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-1}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^\varkappa,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}})\\ &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_{n}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(\prod_{\mathfrak{q}\in V(\mathfrak{p})\cap W_{n+1}}\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})-1}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{q}}}}^\varkappa,D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where the third isomorphism holds by Theorem 6.11, which also shows that the last R-module is flat.

If $i<j$ and $\mathfrak {p}\in W_j$ , then $V(\mathfrak {p})\cap W_i=\emptyset $ , so

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(C(i)^\varkappa, C(j))= 0\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . We have completed the proof.

Example 6.15. Let R be a one-dimensional Gorenstein ring. The cotilting object $C_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}}$ for the height filtration ${\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}}$ is of the form $(\prod _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=0} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}})\oplus (\prod _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})=1} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {m}}})$ (see Example 5.5), where $\prod _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=0} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}=\prod _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})=0} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ can be identified with the total quotient ring $Q(R)$ of R. By [120, Lem. 4.1.8] or by the proof of Corollary 6.12 applied to $\varkappa =1$ and Matlis duality, we can verify that there is a natural ring isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{End}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(C_{\Phi_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}}})\cong \begin{pmatrix} Q(R) & \displaystyle{{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(\prod_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})=1} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{m}}},Q(R))}\\ 0 & \displaystyle{\prod_{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})=1} \widehat{R_{\mathfrak{m}}}} \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*} $$

Remark 6.16. By [44, Prop. 3.1], there exists a one-dimensional local domain that does not admit a dualizing complex (see also [110, Th. 3.8] and [96, Prop. 3.7]). Thus Theorems 6.5 and 6.13 are not covered by Theorems 4.7 and 5.4. A principle hidden here would be that R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring. We will discuss this theme in the next section.

Remark 6.17. The existence of a codimension function is not essential for Corollaries 6.3 and 6.4 as explained in the following: Let R be a commutative noetherian ring and fix an integer n. Let $W_n$ and $W_{n+1}$ be subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\dim W_n\leq 0$ and $\dim W_{n+1}\leq 0$ . Assume that $W_n\cap V(\mathfrak {q})=\emptyset $ for any $\mathfrak {q}\in W_{n+1}$ and that any chain $\mathfrak {p}\subsetneq \mathfrak {q}$ in $W_n\cup W_{n+1}$ is saturated. Set $T(i):=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in W_i}\Sigma ^i{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ for $i=n, n+1$ and $Y(n):=T(n)\oplus T(n+1)$ . Then we have the isomorphisms in Corollaries 6.3 and 6.4, and the second claim of Corollary 6.4 also holds.

Similarly, letting $W_n$ and $W_n+1$ be as above, and setting $C(i):=\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in W_i}\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})-i}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ for $i=n, n+1$ and $Y(n):=C(n)\oplus C(n+1)$ , we have the isomorphism in Corollary 6.12, and the second claim of the corollary also holds. So the existence of a codimension function is not essential for the corollary.

The next result is the silting counterpart of Theorem 6.14.

Theorem 6.18. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let T be a 2-term silting complex over R. Then T is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

It is possible to deduce Theorem 6.18 from Theorem 6.14 of Pavon and Vitória by some duality argument, but we here prove Theorem 6.18 in a more direct way. There does not seem to be any duality argument which recovers the cosilting result Theorem 6.14 from Theorem 6.18.

Remark 6.19. Assume $d:=\dim R<\infty $ . If $\mathfrak {p}$ is minimal, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , so ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic to a bounded complex of projective R-modules concentrated in degrees from $-d$ to $0$ (see the proof of Lemma 3.10).

If $\mathfrak {m}$ is maximal, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R_{\mathfrak {m}}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see Remark 3.6). Let $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_{d_{\mathfrak {m}}}$ be a sequence of elements in R such that their images in $R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ form a system of parameters of $R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ , where $d_{\mathfrak {m}}=\dim R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ (see Remark 3.11). Let I be the ideal generated by $\boldsymbol {x}$ . Then $R_{\mathfrak {m}}/IR_{\mathfrak {m}}$ is an Artinian local ring, so we see that the (Zariski) closed subset $V(I)$ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ decomposes into the disjoint union of $V(\mathfrak {m})$ and another closed set $V(J)$ , where $V(J)$ may be empty (i.e., J may be R). Hence, $\Gamma _I\cong \Gamma _{V(I)}\cong \Gamma _{V(\mathfrak {m})}\oplus \Gamma _{V(J)}\cong \Gamma _{\mathfrak {m}}\oplus \Gamma _J$ as functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ ; the second isomorphism easily follows from Remark 4.2. Thus, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R$ is a direct summand of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{I} R\cong \check {C}(\boldsymbol {x})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Since $\check {C}(\boldsymbol {x})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex of projective R-modules concentrated in degrees from $0$ to $d_{\mathfrak {m}}=\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})$ (see, e.g., [40, Lem. 6.9]), so is ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}} R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ .

When $d=1$ , the above observation implies that, in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , $T_{\Phi _{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}}}=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic to a complex P of projective R-modules concentrated in degrees from $-1$ to $0$ , and P is a 2-term silting complex by Theorem 4.6. Thus one may also use Theorem 6.18 to complete the proof of Theorem 6.5 instead of Corollary 6.4.

Remark 6.20. Silting and cosilting modules were introduced in [14] and [29] as module-theoretic alternatives to 2-term silting and cosilting complexes. The assignment $X \mapsto H^0X$ induces a bijection between equivalence classes of silting (resp. cosilting) complexes concentrated in degrees $-1$ and $0$ (resp. degrees $0$ and $1$ ) and equivalence classes of silting (resp. cosilting) modules.

Over a commutative noetherian ring R, any cosilting module M in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ cogenerates a hereditary torsion pair with torsion class , and in fact, all hereditary torsion pairs in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ are of this form. Then cosilting (resp. silting) modules in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ are, up to equivalence, in bijection with specialization closed subsets of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Under this bijection, a cosilting (resp. silting) module M corresponds to a specialization closed subset W such that for any ideal I we have ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(R/I,M) = 0$ (resp. $(R/I) {\otimes }_R M = 0$ ) if and only if $V(I) \subseteq W$ . Moreover, if T is a silting module corresponding to a specialization closed subset W, its dual $T^+={\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(T,E)$ by any injective cogenerator E is, up to equivalence, a cosilting module corresponding to W. See [9, Cors. 3.7 and 4.1, Lem. 4.2, and Th. 5.1] for details.

This classification of (co)silting modules is compatible with (2.18) and (2.20) in the following sense: If C is a 2-term cosilting complex concentrated in degrees 0 and 1, then the sp-filtration $\Phi $ associated with C by (2.18) satisfies $\Phi (-1) = \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\Phi (1) = \emptyset $ (see the references in the last paragraph of Section 2.1.3), and $\Phi (0)$ corresponds, up to equivalence, to the cosilting module $H^0C$ via [9, Th. 5.1]; see [22, Prop. 2.8] (cf. [61, §5.2]). By duality (2.21), we have a 2-term silting complex T such that the cosilting complex $T^+$ is equivalent to C, and $\Phi $ is the sp-filtration associated with T by (2.20). Since the cosilting module $(H^0T)^+\cong H^0(T^+)$ is equivalent to $H^0C$ , the silting module $H^0T$ corresponds to $\Phi (0)$ via [9, Th. 5.1].

Proof of Theorem 6.18

We need to show that for any cardinal $\varkappa $ . By shifting T appropriately, we can assume that T is a complex of projective R-modules concentrated in degrees $-1$ and $0$ . Clearly, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T,\Sigma ^i T^{(\varkappa )}) = 0$ for any $i<-1$ , so we only need to show ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T,\Sigma ^{-1}T^{(\varkappa )}) = 0$ . Note that

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T,\Sigma^{-1}T^{(\varkappa)}) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R}(H^0T,(H^{-1}T)^{(\varkappa)}).\end{align*}$$

Therefore, it is enough to show that there is no nonzero R-homomorphism from $H^0T$ to $H^{-1}T$ .

Denote by $\operatorname {\mathrm {Gen}}(H^0 T)$ the class of all epimorphic images of all coproducts of copies of the module $H^0 T$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R$ . The specialization closed subset W corresponding to $H^0T$ via [9, Th. 5.1] (see Remark 6.20) is determined by the property that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Gen}}(H^0T)$ equals the class of all R-modules M with $M=IM$ for any ideal I satisfying $V(I)\subseteq W$ . If $W = \emptyset $ , the classification implies that the silting complex T is equivalent to the tilting complex R. Hence we may assume $W \neq \emptyset $ . Take an arbitrary $f \in {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R}(H^0T,H^{-1}T)$ .

Suppose first that R is local and let N denote the image of f in $H^{-1}T$ . By definition, N belongs to $\operatorname {\mathrm {Gen}} (H^0T)$ , so $N=\mathfrak {p} N$ for any $\mathfrak {p} \in W$ . Since N is contained in the projective R-module $T^{-1}$ , we can find a nonzero R-homomorphism $g: N \to R$ whenever N is nonzero, but then Nakayama Lemma implies that the image of g is zero; consequently N must be zero. Hence f is zero as well.

If R is nonlocal, $T_{\mathfrak {m}}$ is a 2-term silting complex over $R_{\mathfrak {m}}$ for each maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ (see [61, Lem. 6.3]). Then the induced map

$$\begin{align*}f {\otimes}_R R_{\mathfrak{m}}:(H^0T){\otimes}_R R_{\mathfrak{m}}\cong H^0(T_{\mathfrak{m}}) \to H^{-1}(T_{\mathfrak{m}})\cong (H^{-1}T){\otimes}_R R_{\mathfrak{m}}\end{align*}$$

is zero for each maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ by the previous paragraph. This implies that the image of f is zero, so that f is zero, as desired.

We close this section by showing the following result, which will be used in the next section.

Proposition 6.21. Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension, and let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Let $\varkappa $ be any cardinal. Then the following hold:

1. (1) ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi }, T_{\Phi }^{(\varkappa )})$ is a flat R-module. In particular, the canonical ring homomorphism $R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi })$ is faithfully flat.

2. (2) ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_{\Phi }^{\varkappa }, C_{\Phi })$ is a flat R-module. In particular, the canonical ring homomorphism $R\to \operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_{\Phi })$ is faithfully flat.

Proof. In view of Remark 4.10, we may assume that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is connected. Then the codimension function $\mathsf {f}_\Phi :\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ coincides with the height function $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ up to shift (see Section 2.5.3). So we may assume that $\Phi $ is the height filtration.

(1): By Corollary 4.9, we have

$$\begin{align*}T_\Phi=\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R} \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}}\cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}H_{\mathfrak{p}}^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} R_{\mathfrak{p}}\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and the corollary also shows that there is a natural isomorphism

(6.34) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi, T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)})\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi, T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Moreover,

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi, T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}) &\cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},\Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})} T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)})\\ &\cong\prod_{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}) \end{align*} $$

by Remark 3.6. Each component ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {L}\Lambda }}}^{\mathfrak {p}}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, \Sigma ^{-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to an $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module $M(\mathfrak {p})$ by (6.34), and any product of flat modules is flat since R is noetherian (see [42, Th. 3.2.24]). So once we show that $M(\mathfrak {p})$ is a flat R-module for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Phi }, T_{\Phi }^{(\varkappa )})$ will be a flat R-module.

Recall that $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and $T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )}$ are isomorphic to bounded complexes of flat R-modules in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see Lemma 3.10 and its proof). Hence, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, \Sigma ^{-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )})$ is isomorphic to a bounded complex of flat R-modules, but it can be further replaced by a bounded complex F of flat $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules because ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, \Sigma ^{-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )})\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak {p}}, \Sigma ^{-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )}){\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Then we have

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)})\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}F\cong \Lambda^{\mathfrak{p}}F\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , where $\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}}F$ is a bounded complex of $\mathfrak {p}$ -adic completions of flat $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules. Note that the modules constituting $\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}}F$ can be identified with $\mathfrak {p}$ -adic completions of free $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules (see [42, Lem. 6.7.4]). Thus, according to [83, Lem. 1.5], the complex $\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}}F$ decomposes as a coproduct $F'\oplus F"$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(R)$ such that $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} F'$ has zero differential and $F"$ is contractible (i.e., isomorphic to the zero complex in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {K}}}(R)$ ). As a consequence, $M(\mathfrak {p})$ is isomorphic to $F'$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . By a version of the Auslander–Buchsbaum formula (see, e.g., [46, Th. 2.4]), we have

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} M(\mathfrak{p})=\operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}+\inf \kappa(\mathfrak{p}){\otimes}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} F', \end{align*} $$

where $\operatorname {\mathrm {depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}=\dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ since $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is Cohen–Macaulay. Hence

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} M(\mathfrak{p})-\dim R_{\mathfrak{p}} =\inf \kappa(\mathfrak{p}){\otimes}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} F'. \end{align*} $$

If we show $\operatorname {\mathrm {depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} M(\mathfrak {p})\geq \dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , then $\inf \kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} F'\geq 0$ , and this means that $F'$ is concentrated in nonnegative degrees because $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} F'$ has zero differential, $F'$ consists of $\mathfrak {p}$ -adic completions of free $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules, and $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}\Lambda ^{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}^{(\mu )})\cong \kappa (\mathfrak {p})^{(\mu )}$ for any cardinal $\mu $ . Thus, noting that $\kappa (\mathfrak {p})\mathop {{\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits M(\mathfrak {p})\cong \kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} F'$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ by construction, we can conclude that the complex $F'$ is concentrated in degree zero. In particular, $F'$ is a flat R-module and $M(\mathfrak {p})\cong F'$ .

Hence it remains to show the inequality $\operatorname {\mathrm {depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}} M(\mathfrak {p})\geq \dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . This follows from the following equalities:

$$ \begin{align*} \operatorname{\mathrm{depth}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}} M(\mathfrak{p}) &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}),M(\mathfrak{p}))\\ &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}),{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{L}\Lambda}}}^{\mathfrak{p}}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}))\\ &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}\kappa(\mathfrak{p}),{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}))\\ &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}),{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}))\\ &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p})\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits R_{\mathfrak{p}}, \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}))\\ &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}), \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)}))\\ &=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}), \Sigma^{-\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}\textstyle{\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{q} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}H_{\mathfrak{q}}^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{q})} R_{\mathfrak{q}}^{(\varkappa)})}\\ &\geq \operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})=\dim R_{\mathfrak{p}}. \end{align*} $$

The second statement of (1) follows from (6.3) because $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_R(T_\Phi )$ contains $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ as a direct summand and $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ is a faithfully flat R-module (see [79, Ths. 4.6 and 8.14]).

(2): As assumed, $\Phi $ is the height filtration, so that

$$\begin{align*}C_\Phi = \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}\cong\prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}\omega_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}\end{align*}$$

by Corollary 5.9. The corollary also shows that

(6.35) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(C_\Phi^\varkappa,C_\Phi)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi^\varkappa,C_\Phi) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Moreover, using (5.2), we have

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(C_\Phi^\varkappa,C_\Phi) \cong \prod_{\mathfrak{p} \in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(C_\Phi^\varkappa \mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits \Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}},E_{R}(R/\mathfrak{p})),\end{align*}$$

where ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R$ in the right-hand side can be replaced by ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}$ , and $E_R(R/\mathfrak {p})\cong E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . For each $\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , $C_\Phi ^\varkappa \mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to an $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module $N(\mathfrak {p})$ by (6.35). Thus, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi ^\varkappa ,C_\Phi )$ is the product of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R}(N(\mathfrak {p}),E_{R}(R/\mathfrak {p}))$ for all $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . So once we show that $N(\mathfrak {p})$ is an injective R-module for each $\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi ^\varkappa ,C_\Phi )$ will be a flat R-module.

Since $\dim R < \infty $ and $\Phi $ is the height filtration, $C_\Phi \cong \prod _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\omega _{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ is an R-module of finite injective dimension (Remark 5.10). It follows that $C_\Phi ^\varkappa {\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is an $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module of injective dimension bounded by $\dim R_{\mathfrak {p}} = \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} (\mathfrak {p})$ (see [21, Cor. 5.5]). Thus $C_\Phi ^\varkappa \mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (C_\Phi ^\varkappa {\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex of injective R-modules concentrated in degrees from $0$ to $\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})$ (Remark 4.2). On the other hand, we know that $C_\Phi ^\varkappa \mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to the module $N(\mathfrak {p})$ , so

$$\begin{align*}\inf C_\Phi^\varkappa \mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}=\inf {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} (C_\Phi^\varkappa {\otimes}_R R_{\mathfrak{p}}) \geq \operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p}).\end{align*}$$

Consequently, there is an injective R-module E such that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (C_\Phi ^\varkappa {\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to $\Sigma ^{-\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}E$ . This fact in turn shows that $N(\mathfrak {p}) \cong \Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}} (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (C_\Phi ^\varkappa {\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}}) \cong E$ , so $N(\mathfrak {p})$ is an injective R-module.

The second statement of (2) follows similarly as in (1); see the second paragraph of the proof of Corollary 6.12 and use Matlis duality.

Remark 6.22. An R-module M is called cotorsion if $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ext}}^1_R(F,M)=0$ for any flat R-module. A flat cotorsion R-module means an R-module which is flat and cotorsion. It is known that an R-module M is flat cotorsion if and only if M is isomorphic to a product $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} T_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , where $T_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is the $\mathfrak {p}$ -adic completion of a free $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module (see [42, Th. 5.3.28]). We see from Corollary 6.3 that the right-hand side of the isomorphism in Corollary 6.4 is in fact a flat cotorsion R-module. Similarly, the right-hand side of the isomorphism in Theorem 6.11 is a flat cotorsion R-module.

More generally, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi ,T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi ^\varkappa ,C_\Phi )$ in Proposition 6.21 are not only flat but cotorsion as R-modules. Indeed, the proof of Proposition 6.21(1) shows that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi ,T_\Phi ^{(\varkappa )})$ is isomorphic to the direct product $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} M(\mathfrak {p})$ . By Remark 3.6, each $M(\mathfrak {p})$ belongs to $\mathcal {C}^{\{\mathfrak {p}\}}$ , and then [85, Lem. 4.2] implies that $M(\mathfrak {p})$ is cotorsion. So the product $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} M(\mathfrak {p})$ is cotorsion. To see that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi ^\varkappa ,C_\Phi )$ is cotorsion, recall from the proof of Proposition 6.21(2) that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi ^\varkappa ,C_\Phi )$ is isomorphic to the product $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(N(\mathfrak {p}), E_R(R/\mathfrak {p}))$ . Then each ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(N(\mathfrak {p}), E_R(R/\mathfrak {p}))$ is pure-injective (see the proof of [42, Prop. 5.3.7] or [102, Prop. 4.3.29]), so it is cotorsion (see [42, Lem. 5.3.23]). Thus $\prod _{\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(N(\mathfrak {p}), E_R(R/\mathfrak {p}))$ is cotorsion.

7. Homomorphic images of Cohen–Macaulay rings

We proved in Corollaries 4.9 and 5.9 that if R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring and $\Phi $ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then $T_\Phi $ is tilting and $C_\Phi $ is cotilting. In this section, we will show that every homomorphic image of R inherits this property whenever R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension (Theorem 7.5). This fact will lead us to the deep theme on characterizing homomorphic images of Cohen–Macaulay rings. Indeed, it will turn out that this theme is closely related to the tilting and the cotilting conditions on $T_\Phi $ and $C_\Phi $ , respectively (Theorem 7.18 and Corollary 7.24).

We begin with an elementary observation on sp-filtrations via change of rings. Let $\varphi :R\to A$ be a homomorphism of commutative noetherian rings, and let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by $\varphi $ . Let $\Phi $ be an sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , and define $f^{-1}\Phi : \mathbb {Z}\to 2^{\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A}$ as the map given by $n\mapsto f^{-1}(\Phi (n))$ . Clearly, $f^{-1}\Phi $ is an sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ . Moreover, if $\Phi $ is nondegenerate, then so is $f^{-1}\Phi $ . Indeed, we have $\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {Z}}f^{-1}(\Phi (n))=f^{-1}(\bigcap _{n\in \mathbb {Z}}\Phi (n))=f^{-1}(\emptyset )=\emptyset $ and $\bigcup _{n\in \mathbb {Z}}f^{-1}(\Phi (n))=f^{-1}(\bigcup _{n\in \mathbb {Z}}\Phi (n))=f^{-1}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R)=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ .

Recall that there is a canonical homeomorphism for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (see [79, p. 47]). Suppose $\varphi $ is finite, that is, A is finitely generated as an R-module. Then the fiber $f^{-1}\{\mathfrak {p}\}$ over $\mathfrak {p}$ is a (possibly empty) finite set and $\dim f^{-1}\{\mathfrak {p}\}\leq 0$ since the ring $A{\otimes }_R\kappa (\mathfrak {p})$ is Artinian.

Lemma 7.1. Let $\varphi :R\to A$ be a finite homomorphism of commutative noetherian rings, and let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by $\varphi $ . If $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then $f^{-1}\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ .

Proof. Let $\Phi $ be a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . If $\mathfrak {P}, \mathfrak {Q} \in f^{-1}(\Phi (n))\setminus f^{-1}(\Phi (n+1))$ and $\mathfrak {P}\subseteq \mathfrak {Q}$ , then $f(\mathfrak {P}), f(\mathfrak {Q}) \in \Phi (n)\setminus \Phi (n+1)$ and $f(\mathfrak {P})\subseteq f(\mathfrak {Q})$ . It follows that $f(\mathfrak {P})= f(\mathfrak {Q})$ because $\Phi $ is a slice sp-filtration. Putting $\mathfrak {p}:= f(\mathfrak {P})= f(\mathfrak {Q})$ , we have $\mathfrak {P}, \mathfrak {Q}\in f^{-1}\{\mathfrak {p}\}$ and $\mathfrak {P}\subseteq \mathfrak {Q}$ , but then $\mathfrak {P}= \mathfrak {Q}$ as $\dim f^{-1}\{\mathfrak {p}\}= 0$ .

Let R be a commutative noetherian ring. In the rest of the section, by an R-algebra, we will mean a commutative R-algebra for simplicity. A module-finite R-algebra will mean a (commutative) R-algebra A with structure map $\varphi : R\to A$ such that $\varphi $ is finite. Assume $(R,\mathfrak {m}, k)$ is a local ring and let A be a module-finite R-algebra with structure map $\varphi : R\to A$ . Let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by $\varphi $ . The set of maximal ideals of A equals the fiber $f^{-1}(\mathfrak {m})$ over $\mathfrak {m}$ , and there is a canonical bijection between this and that of the Artinian ring $A/\mathfrak {m} A=A {\otimes }_R k$ ; in particular, A is semi-local. It then follows that there is a natural isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m} A}A\cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{P}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{mSpec}} A}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{P}}A_{\mathfrak{P}} \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ (see Remarks 3.9(1) and 4.2). Let $\boldsymbol {x}=x_1,\ldots ,x_n$ be a system of generators of $\mathfrak {m}$ . Since ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}R\cong \check {C}(\boldsymbol {x})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , regarding $-\mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A$ as a functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ , we obtain a natural isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} ({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A\cong \check{C}(\boldsymbol{x})\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A=\check{C}(\boldsymbol{x}){\otimes}_R A \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . The ideal $\mathfrak {m} A$ of A is generated by $\varphi (\boldsymbol {x}):=\varphi (x_1),\ldots ,\varphi (x_n)$ , so

$$\begin{align*}\check{C}(\boldsymbol{x}){\otimes}_RA=\check{C}(\varphi(\boldsymbol{x}))\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m} A}A\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . As a consequence, there is a canonical isomorphism

(7.1) $$ \begin{align} ({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A\cong\bigoplus_{\mathfrak{P}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{mSpec}} A}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{P}}A_{\mathfrak{P}} \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ .

We next remark that there is a canonical isomorphism $A{\otimes }_R\widehat {R}\cong \prod _{\mathfrak {P}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {mSpec}} A}\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}}$ of rings (see [79, Ths. 8.7 and 8.15]). Notice from this isomorphism that each $\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}}$ has a canonical ring homomorphism from $\widehat {R}$ , by which $\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}}$ is a module-finite $\widehat {R}$ -algebra. Regarding ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(A,-)$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{\widehat {R}}(\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}},-)$ as functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ , we have a canonical isomorphism

(7.2) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(A,D_{\widehat{R}})\cong\prod_{\mathfrak{P}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{mSpec}} A}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\widehat{A_{\mathfrak{P}}},D_{\widehat{R}}) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ because

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(A,D_{\widehat{R}})={\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(A,{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\widehat{R},D_{\widehat{R}}))\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(A{\otimes}_{R}\widehat{R},D_{\widehat{R}}).\end{align*}$$

Moreover, we can regard ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{\widehat {R}}(\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}},D_{\widehat {R}})$ as a dualizing complex for $\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}}$ since $\widehat {A_{\mathfrak {P}}}$ is a module-finite $\widehat {R}$ -algebra (see Remark 2.16(3)).

Lemma 7.2. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let A be a module-finite R-algebra. Let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by the structure map $R\to A$ and let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Then there are natural isomorphisms $T_{\Phi }\mathop {{\otimes }_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A\cong T_{f^{-1}\Phi }$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(A,C_{\Phi })\cong C_{f^{-1}\Phi }$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ .

Proof. Since $T_\Phi = \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R} \Sigma ^{\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and $C_\Phi = \prod _{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R}\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})-\mathsf {f}_\Phi (\mathfrak {p})}D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}}$ , this lemma follows from (7.1) and (7.2). Note that, given $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , we have $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }(\mathfrak {p})=\mathsf {f}_{f^{-1}\Phi }(\mathfrak {P})$ for every $\mathfrak {P}\in f^{-1}(\mathfrak {p})$ (see Remark 7.3).

Remark 7.3. Let $\Phi $ be a nondegenerate sp-filtration. Let $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ and $\mathsf {f}_{f^{-1}\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \mathbb {Z}$ be the functions associated with $\Phi $ and $f^{-1}\Phi $ , respectively (Remark 2.11). For each $\mathfrak {P}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ , we have

$$\begin{align*}\mathsf{f}_{f^{-1}\Phi}(\mathfrak{P})=\mathrm{sup}\,\{n\in \mathbb{Z} \mid \mathfrak{P} \in f^{-1}(\Phi(n))\}+1=\mathrm{sup}\,\{n\in \mathbb{Z} \mid f(\mathfrak{P}) \in \Phi(n)\}+1=\mathsf{f}_\Phi(f(\mathfrak{P})). \end{align*}$$

Therefore, the function $\mathsf {f}_{f^{-1}\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \mathbb {Z}$ is just the composition of $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ and $\mathsf {f}_{\Phi }:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\to \mathbb {Z}$ . The same fact holds for any sp-filtration, replacing $\mathbb {Z}$ by $\mathbb {Z}\cup \{-\infty ,\infty \}$ .

Proposition 7.4. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring of finite Krull dimension, and let A be a module-finite R-algebra. Let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by the structure map $R\to A$ , and let $\Phi $ be a bounded sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . For any cardinal $\varkappa $ , there are canonical isomorphisms in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ :

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi, T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)})\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{A}(T_{f^{-1}\Phi}, T_{f^{-1}\Phi}^{(\varkappa)}),\\ {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(C_{\Phi}^{\varkappa},C_\Phi)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_A(C_{f^{-1}\Phi}^{\varkappa},C_{f^{-1}\Phi}). \end{align*} $$

Proof. By Lemma 3.10, $T_\Phi $ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex P of projective R-modules. We have standard isomorphisms

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(P, P^{(\varkappa)}){\otimes}_R A\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(P, P^{(\varkappa)}{\otimes}_R A)\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_A(P{\otimes}_RA, P^{(\varkappa)}{\otimes}_RA)\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(A)$ (see, e.g., [34, Prop. 2.1(vi)] for the first isomorphism). On the other hand, $C_{\Phi }$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a bounded complex I of injective R-modules by Remark 5.10. We have standard isomorphisms

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(I^{\varkappa}, I){\otimes}_R A\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(A,I^{\varkappa}), I))\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_A({\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(A,I^{\varkappa}), {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(A,I))\end{align*}$$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(A)$ (see, e.g., [34, Prop. 2.1(ii)] for the first isomorphism). Notice that both ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(P, P^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_R(I^{\varkappa }, I)$ are bounded complexes of flat R-modules, so

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi, T_\Phi^{(\varkappa)})\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(P, P^{(\varkappa)}){\otimes}_R A,\\ {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(C_{\Phi}^{\varkappa},C_\Phi)\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(I^{\varkappa}, I){\otimes}_R A \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . Moreover, Lemma 7.2 implies that

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_A(P{\otimes}_RA, P^{(\varkappa)}{\otimes}_R A) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_A(T_{f^{-1}\Phi}, T_{f^{-1}\Phi}^{(\varkappa)}),\\ {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_A({\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(A,I^{\varkappa}), {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_R(A,I)) &\cong{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_A(C_{f^{-1}\Phi}^\varkappa, C_{f^{-1}\Phi}) \end{align*} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . This completes the proof.

Recall that every Cohen–Macaulay ring admits a codimension function (e.g., the height function); see Section 2.5.3. Moreover, if R is a Cohen–Macaulay ring, then the polynomial ring $R[x_1,\ldots , x_n]$ is also a Cohen–Macaulay ring for every $n\geq 1$ (see [79, Th. 17.7]). Hence, whenever A is an algebra over a Cohen–Macaulay ring R such that A is finitely generated as an R-algebra, then A admits a codimension function.

Theorem 7.5. Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension, and let A be a module-finite R-algebra. Let $\Phi $ be any codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ . Then $T_{\Phi }$ is tilting and $C_{\Phi }$ is cotilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . Furthermore, both the A-modules ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)}(T_{\Phi },T_{\Phi }^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)}(C_{\Phi }^\varkappa ,C_{\Phi })$ are flat for any cardinal $\varkappa $ .

Proof. In view of Remark 4.10, it suffices to show the claims for some codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ .

Let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by the structure map $R\to A$ . Let $\Psi $ be a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . By Lemma 7.1, $\Phi ':=f^{-1}\Psi $ is a slice sp-filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ . Hence, $T_{\Phi '}$ is silting and $C_{\Phi '}$ is cosilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ by Theorems 4.6 and 5.2. Corollaries 4.9 and 5.9 yield the natural isomorphisms ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_{\Psi },T_{\Psi }^{(\varkappa )})\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Psi },T_{\Psi }^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(C_{\Psi }^\varkappa ,C_{\Psi })\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_{\Psi }^\varkappa ,C_{\Psi })$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for any cardinal $\varkappa $ . By Propositions 6.21 and 7.4, we have the following isomorphisms in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ :

$$ \begin{align*} &{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{A}(T_{{\Phi'}},T_{{\Phi'}}^{(\varkappa)}) \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(T_{\Psi},T_{\Psi}^{(\varkappa)}) \mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A \cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T_{\Psi},T_{\Psi}^{(\varkappa)}){\otimes}_RA,\\ &{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{A}(C_{\Phi'}^\varkappa,C_{\Phi'})\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R}(C_{\Psi}^\varkappa,C_{\Psi})\mathop{{\otimes}_R^{\mathbf L}}\nolimits A\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(C_{\Psi}^\varkappa,C_{\Psi}){\otimes}_RA. \end{align*} $$

Hence, it follows that and . Thus, $T_{\Phi '}$ is tilting and $C_{\Phi '}$ is cotilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . Then Proposition 6.10 implies that ${\Phi '}$ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ . In view of Remark 4.10, we can without loss of generality assume that $\Phi = \Phi '$ . Moreover, we see from the above isomorphisms that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{A}(T_{\Phi },T_{\Phi }^{(\varkappa )})\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)}(T_{\Phi },T_{\Phi }^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{A}(C_{\Phi }^\varkappa ,C_{\Phi })\cong {\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)}(C_{\Phi }^\varkappa ,C_{\Phi })$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(A)$ . The right-hand sides of these isomorphisms are flat A-modules because ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_{\Psi },T_{\Psi }^{(\varkappa )})$ and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_{\Psi }^\varkappa ,C_{\Psi })$ are flat R-modules by Proposition 6.21 again.

The above proof shows that, under the assumption of the theorem, $f^{-1}\Psi $ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} A$ whenever $\Psi $ is a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . By the paragraph before the theorem, R is also a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension, and hence it is in fact possible to reduce the proof to the case when the structure map $R\to A$ is surjective. In this case, it is obvious that $f^{-1}\Psi $ is a codimension filtration by Remark 7.3.

A commutative noetherian ring R is said to be universally catenary provided that any commutative algebra A over R is catenary whenever A is finitely generated as an R-algebra. When R is local and $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , the ring $\widehat {R}{\otimes }_R\kappa (\mathfrak {p})$ is called the formal fiber of R over $\mathfrak {p}$ . A formal fiber of R means the ring $\widehat {R}{\otimes }_R \kappa (\mathfrak {p})$ for some $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . We now recall the following deep result due to Kawasaki.

Theorem 7.6 [69, Cors. 1.2 and 1.4] and [70, Th. 1.3].

1. (1) A commutative noetherian ring R admits a classical dualizing complex if and only if it is a homomorphic image of a Gorenstein ring of finite Krull dimension.

2. (2) A commutative noetherian local ring R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring if and only if it is universally catenary and all the formal fibers of R are Cohen–Macaulay.

3. (3) A commutative noetherian ring R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring if and only if it admits a codimension function and satisfies the following conditions:

   1. (i) R is universally catenary.

   2. (ii) all the formal fibers of all the localizations of R are Cohen–Macaulay.

   3. (iii) the Cohen–Macaulay locus of each finitely generated R-algebra is Zariski open.

Theorems 7.5 and 7.6 make us have a naive question:

$$ \begin{align*}&\mathit{Can\ we\ characterize\ homomorphic\ images\ of\ Cohen{-}Macaulay\ rings\ by}\\[-2pt] &\mathit{(co)tilting\ objects?} \end{align*} $$

If we replace “Cohen–Macaulay rings” by “Gorenstein rings of finite Krull dimension,” this question is affirmatively solved by Kawasaki in the following sense: A classical dualizing complex for R is a cotilting object in the bounded derived category $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ (see Remark 7.7), and the existence of a dualizing complex is equivalent to that R is a homomorphic image of a Gorenstein ring of finite Krull dimension by Theorem 7.6(1).

Remark 7.7. Assume that R admits a classical dualizing complex D. Since the contravariant functor ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(-,D): \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ yields a duality, it transforms the standard t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ to a t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ , which can be written as

In [4], this t-structure is called the Cohen–Macaulay t-structure with respect to D.

Since , the description of the Cohen–Macaulay t-structure implies that D is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}_{\mathrm {fg}}(R)$ in the sense of [103]. Further, if D can be taken as an R-module and of finite injective dimension, it is a cotilting $(R,R)$ -bimodule in the sense of [80].

Let $\mathsf {d}$ be the codimension function associated with a dualizing complex D. The Cohen–Macaulay t-structure with respect to D extends to a compactly generated t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , and this is nothing but $(\mathcal {U}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}, \mathcal {V}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}})$ (see Remark 3.4 and [4, §6.4]). In general, D is not a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , while Theorem 5.2 shows that the t-structure $(\mathcal {U}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}, \mathcal {V}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}})$ is induced by $C_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ , which is cotilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ by Theorem 5.4. However, Theorem 5.2 more generally shows that $C_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ is silting and for any commutative noetherian ring R admitting a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . This observation naturally motivates us to replace the existence of a dualizing complex by the cotilting property of $C_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ to determine whether R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring or not.

As a precise formulation of the above question, we suggest the following.

Question 7.8. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring with a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ . Is R a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring if and only if $T_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ is tilting (resp. $C_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ is cotilting) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ ?

Definition 7.9. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring with a codimension function $\mathsf {d}$ . Motivated by Remark 7.7, we call the heart of the compactly generated t-structure $(\mathcal {U}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}},\mathcal {V}_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}})$ the Cohen–Macaulay heart of R. Although changing the codimension function results in a different compactly generated t-structure in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ , its heart remains equivalent (Remark 4.10), so the Cohen–Macaulay heart is well-defined up to equivalence.

If $\dim R<\infty $ and $\mathsf {d}$ is a codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ , then $C_{\Phi _{\mathsf {d}}}$ is a bounded cosilting object by Theorem 5.2 and Remark 5.10. Hence, we see from Sections 2.1.6 and 2.1.7 and Remark 7.7 that the cotilting part of Question 7.8 with $\dim R<\infty $ is equivalent to the following:

Question 7.10. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring of finite Krull dimension and assume that R admits a codimension function. Let $\mathcal {H}$ be the Cohen–Macaulay heart of R, and let $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(\mathcal {H})\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}^{\mathrm {b}}(R)$ be a realization functor. Is R a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring if and only if the realization functor is a triangulated equivalence?

Remark 7.11. We may also replace the realization functor in Question 7.10 by the realization functor $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\mathcal {H})\to \operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (due to Virili) between the unbounded derived categories (see Section 2.1.7).

Theorem 7.5 shows that the “only if” part of Question 7.8 (and Question 7.10) holds true when R has finite Krull dimension. Moreover, if R has Krull dimension at most one, then R is always a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension (see Theorem 7.12). Therefore, in terms of Theorems 6.5 and 6.13, the above questions holds true as far as $\dim R\leq 1$ . We will later show that the “if” part of the question holds true when R is a two-dimensional local ring (see also Remark 7.21).

The next theorem is a direct consequence of [70].

Theorem 7.12. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension at most one. Then R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension.

Proof. If $\dim R=0$ , there is nothing to show. So we may assume $\dim R= 1$ . Note that R has a codimension function (e.g., the height function), and [70, (QU)] holds for any finitely generated R-module. By [70, Th. 1.4], (i)–(iii) of Theorem 7.6(2) hold if and only if for any finitely generated R-module M, all the cohomologies of the Cousin complex $C(M)$ of M (in the sense of Sharp [109]) are finitely generated, where

$$\begin{align*}C(M)=(0\to M\xrightarrow{d^{-1}_{C(M)}} \bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{p}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} R\\ \operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})=0}}M_{\mathfrak{p}} \xrightarrow{d^{0}_{C(M)}} \operatorname{\mathrm{Coker}} d^{-1}_{C(M)} \to 0)\end{align*}$$

and $d^{-1}_M$ is the morphism induced by the localization maps $M\to M_{\mathfrak {p}}$ and $d^{0}_{C(M)}$ is the canonical surjection. Notice that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Coker}} d^{-1}_{C(M)}$ is naturally isomorphic to $\bigoplus _{\substack {\mathfrak {m}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\\ \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})=1}}(\operatorname {\mathrm {Coker}} d^{-1}_{C(M)})_{\mathfrak {m}}$ because

$$\begin{align*}\operatorname {\mathrm {Coker}} d^{-1}_{C(M)}\cong H^1{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{V}M\cong \bigoplus _{\substack {\mathfrak {m}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\\ \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})=1}} H^1{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}M_{\mathfrak {m}}\end{align*}$$

for $V:=\{\mathfrak {m}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R\mid \operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})=1\}$ (see Remark 4.2). This justifies the above description of $C(M)$ (see [70, Def. 5.1]). Then the possibly nonzero cohomology of $C(M)$ is only $\operatorname {\mathrm {Ker}} d^{-1}_{C(M)}$ , which is finitely generated. Therefore, we can conclude by Theorem 7.6(3) that R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay ring, where the Cohen–Macaulay ring is constructed so that it has finite Krull dimension (see [69, p. 123], [70, p. 2738], and [79, Th. 15.7]).

In the rest of this section, we discuss what can be deduced from the condition that $T_{\Phi }$ is tilting or $C_{\Phi }$ is cotilting.

Suppose R has finite Krull dimension. Recall that R is said to be equidimensional provided that $\dim R = \dim R/\mathfrak {p}$ for every minimal prime ideal $\mathfrak {p}$ of R.

Lemma 7.13. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\mathfrak {p} \subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ be a chain in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Assume that the cohomology of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})$ is concentrated in some degree n. Then $n=\dim R_{\mathfrak {q}}-\dim R_{\mathfrak {q}} /\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ and the local ring $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}$ is equidimensional.

Proof. By assumption, $H^i{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})=0$ for all $i\neq n$ . Regard $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}}$ as a bounded complex of injective $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}$ -modules that is minimal (see Section 2.5.2). By Remark 5.10, $D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}}$ is also a complex of injective R-modules, so ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})=\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})=\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {q}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . In the rest of the proof, we write R and $\mathfrak {p}$ for $R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ and $\mathfrak {p} R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ , respectively. Then $H^i\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}})=0$ for all $i\neq n$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . We are going to show that $n=\dim R-\dim R /\mathfrak {p} R$ and $\widehat {R}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R}$ is equidimensional.

Let $f:\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} \widehat {R}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ be the canonical map induced by the completion map $R\to \widehat {R}$ . We remark that every minimal element $\mathfrak {P}$ in $V(\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})$ belongs to $f^{-1}(\mathfrak {p})$ . Indeed, we have $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {P}\cap R$ and the ring homomorphism $R\to \widehat {R}$ is flat, so the going-down theorem (see [79, Th. 9.5]) gives an element $\mathfrak {Q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} \widehat {R}$ with $\mathfrak {Q}\subseteq \mathfrak {P}$ and $\mathfrak {p}=\mathfrak {Q}\cap R$ , but then $\mathfrak {Q}\in V(\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})$ , so the minimality of $\mathfrak {P}$ yields $\mathfrak {Q}=\mathfrak {P}$ . Consequently $\mathfrak {p}=\mathfrak {P}\cap R$ , that is, $\mathfrak {P}\in f^{-1}(\mathfrak {p})$ .

Now, since the complex $D_{\widehat {R}}$ is minimal in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(\widehat {R})$ , its ith component can be written as

$$\begin{align*}D_{\widehat{R}}^i\cong \bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{P}\in \operatorname{\mathrm{Spec}} \widehat{R}\\i=d-\dim \widehat{R}/\mathfrak{P}}} E_{\widehat{R}}(\widehat{R}/\mathfrak{P})\end{align*}$$

for every $i\in \mathbb {Z}$ , where $d:=\dim \widehat {R}$ . Noting that $\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}=\Gamma _{V(\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})}$ as functors $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}\to \operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}$ , we have

(7.3) $$ \begin{align} \Gamma_{\mathfrak{p}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}}^i)\cong \bigoplus_{\substack{\mathfrak{P}\in f^{-1}(\mathfrak{p})\\ i=d-\dim \widehat{R}/\mathfrak{P}}} E_{\widehat{R}}(\widehat{R}/\mathfrak{P}), \end{align} $$

where $f^{-1}(\mathfrak {p})\subseteq V(\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})$ (see also Remark 4.2). Since every minimal element $\mathfrak {P}$ in $V(\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})$ belongs to $f^{-1}(\mathfrak {p})$ , the nontrivial components of $\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ appear precisely from degree $d-\dim \widehat {R}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R}$ onwards. Notice from (7.3) that the complex $\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ is also minimal in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(\widehat {R})$ , so we have

(7.4) $$ \begin{align} \inf \Gamma_{\mathfrak{p}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}})=d-\dim \widehat{R}/\mathfrak{p} \widehat{R}=\dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak{p} R. \end{align} $$

Since $H^i\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}})$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ for all $i\neq n$ , it follows that $n=\dim R-\dim R/\mathfrak {p} R$ .

To show that $\widehat {R}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R}$ is equidimensional, suppose that there exists a minimal element $\mathfrak {P}$ in $V(\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})$ such that $\dim (\widehat {R}/\mathfrak {P}) < \dim (\widehat {R}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R})$ . It follows from the second paragraph of the proof that $\widehat {R}_{\mathfrak {P}}{\otimes }_RR_{\mathfrak {p}}\cong \widehat {R}_{\mathfrak {P}}$ . Then we have natural isomorphisms in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {C}}}(\widehat {R})$ :

$$\begin{align*}\widehat{R}_{\mathfrak{P}} {\otimes}_{\widehat{R}}\Gamma_{\mathfrak{p} \widehat{R}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R}}) \cong \widehat{R}_{\mathfrak{P}} {\otimes}_{\widehat{R}} \Gamma_{\mathfrak{p} \widehat{R}}D_{\widehat{R}} \cong \Sigma^{\dim \widehat{R}/\mathfrak{P}-\dim \widehat{R}}E_{\widehat{R}}(\widehat{R}/\mathfrak{P}),\end{align*}$$

where these isomorphisms follow from Remark 4.2 and minimality of $D_{\widehat {R}}$ . The above isomorphisms show that $\widehat {R}_{\mathfrak {P}} {\otimes }_{\widehat {R}}\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R}}(D_{\widehat {R}} {\otimes }_R R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ has nontrivial cohomology in degree $m:=\dim \widehat {R} - \dim \widehat {R}/\mathfrak {P}$ , but $m> \dim R - \dim R/\mathfrak {p}=n$ . This is a contradiction because $H^m(\widehat {R}_{\mathfrak {P}}{\otimes }_{\widehat {R}}\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}}))\cong \widehat {R}_{\mathfrak {P}}{\otimes }_{\widehat {R}}H^m\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}})=0$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

Proposition 7.14. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Assume $T_\Phi $ is tilting or $C_\Phi $ is cotilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Then R is universally catenary.

Proof. It suffices to show that $R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ is universally catenary for each $\mathfrak {q}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ (see, e.g., [116, Tag 0AUN]). The local ring $R_{\mathfrak {q}}$ is universally catenary if and only if $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}$ is equidimensional for each $\mathfrak {p}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ with $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ (see [79, Th. 31.7]). For such a chain $\mathfrak {p}\subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ , there is an integer n such that $H^i{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})=0$ for all $i\neq 0$ by assumption and Proposition 6.9. Then Lemma 7.13 implies that $\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}/\mathfrak {p} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}$ is equidimensional, as desired.

By a stalk complex, we mean a complex X concentrated in some degree n, that is, $X^i=0$ whenever $i\neq n$ .

Proposition 7.15. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\mathfrak {p} \subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ be a chain in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . The following conditions are equivalent:

1. (1) ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of a flat R-module.

2. (2) ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of an injective R-module.

3. (3) ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}},D_{\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {p}}}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of a flat R-module.

Under each condition, the formal fiber $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}) {\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {q}}}\widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}$ is Cohen–Macaulay.

Proof. We may assume that R is a local ring and $\mathfrak {q}$ is the maximal ideal $\mathfrak {m}$ . We remark that there are natural isomorphisms

(7.5) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}R_{\mathfrak{p}},{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{m}}R)&\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{m})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} (R_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}}), E_{\widehat{R}}(k)) \end{align} $$

(7.6) $$ \begin{align} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(D_{\widehat{R}},D_{\widehat{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}}) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}(\Sigma^{\operatorname{{\mathrm{ht}}}(\mathfrak{p})}{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} (R_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_RD_{\widehat{R}}),E_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}))) \end{align} $$

in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ (see the proof of Proposition 6.9).

Suppose that the left-hand side of (7.5) is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of a flat R-module. Since $E_{\widehat {R}}(k)$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}$ , ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})$ to a stalk complex, so there are an $\widehat {R}$ -module M and an integer n such that $\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})\cong \Sigma ^n M$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})$ . It follows that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R}}(M, E_{\widehat {R}}(k))$ is a stalk complex of a flat R-module. In other words, M is flat as an R-module, and this is equivalent to that M is injective as an R-module (see Remark 7.16). Thus the implication (1) $\Rightarrow $ (2) follows.

To see the converse implication, suppose that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a complex of an injective R-module. Then there are an $\widehat {R}$ -module M and an integer n such that $\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {m})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})\cong \Sigma ^n M$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(\widehat {R})$ . Since $\Sigma ^n M$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ , it follows that M is injective as an R-module. Then the left-hand side of (7.5) is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R}}(\Sigma ^{n}M,E_{\widehat {R}}(k))$ , which is a stalk complex of a flat R-module by Remark 7.16. Hence we have (2) $\Rightarrow $ (1).

Next, suppose that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ a stalk complex of an injective R-module. Note that the injective R-module is also an injective $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module because we may regard ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ as a complex of $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Letting M be the injective $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module, we have $\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})\cong \Sigma ^n M$ in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ for some integer n. Hence the right-hand side of (7.6) is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\Sigma ^{n}M,E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p})))$ , which is a stalk complex of a flat R-module. Thus the implication (2) $\Rightarrow $ (3) follows.

To see the converse implication, suppose that the left-hand side of (7.6) is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of a flat R-module. Note that the flat R-module is also a flat $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module. Since $E_{R_{\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}))$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , it follows that $\Sigma ^{\operatorname {{\mathrm {ht}}}(\mathfrak {p})}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}})$ to a stalk complex of an injective $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module. In other words, ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}} (R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_RD_{\widehat {R}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of an injective R-module. Thus we have (3) $\Rightarrow $ (2).

Finally, we show that $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ is Cohen–Macaulay, assuming that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}})$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a stalk complex of an injective R-module. We remark that there are natural isomorphisms in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ :

$$ \begin{align*} {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R/\mathfrak{p}, {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R}})) &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}Hom}}}_R(R/\mathfrak{p}, R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R}})\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}),R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R}})\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}), {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_R \widehat{R}}(R_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_R \widehat{R},R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R}}))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{R_{\mathfrak{p}}{\otimes}_R \widehat{R}}(\kappa(\mathfrak{p}){\otimes}_R \widehat{R}, R_{\mathfrak{p}} {\otimes}_R D_{\widehat{R}}). \end{align*} $$

The last complex is a dualizing complex for $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ because $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ is a homomorphic image of $R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ and $R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}}$ is a dualizing complex for $R_{\mathfrak {p}}{\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ . By assumption, the cohomology of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(R/\mathfrak {p}, {\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {m}}(R_{\mathfrak {p}} {\otimes }_R D_{\widehat {R}}))$ is concentrated in some degree, and the same holds for the dualizing complex for $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ by the isomorphisms above. This implies that $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R \widehat {R}$ is a Cohen–Macaulay ring by local duality (5.1) applied to the local ring $(\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R\widehat {R})_{\mathfrak {P}}$ for each $\mathfrak {P}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} (\kappa (\mathfrak {p}){\otimes }_R\widehat {R})$ .

Remark 7.16. Let $(R,\mathfrak {m},k)$ be a commutative noetherian local ring, and let M be an $\widehat {R}$ -module. For any finitely generated R-module N, we have standard isomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{Tor}}_i^R(N,{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(M,E_{\widehat{R}}(k))) &\cong \operatorname{\mathrm{Tor}}_i^{\widehat{R}}(N{\otimes}_{R}\widehat{R},{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(M,E_{\widehat{R}}(k)))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Ext}}^i_{\widehat{R}}(N{\otimes}_{R}\widehat{R},M),E_{\widehat{R}}(k))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Ext}}^i_{R}(N,{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\widehat{R},M)),E_{\widehat{R}}(k))\\ &\cong {\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\widehat{R}}(\operatorname{\mathrm{Ext}}^i_{R}(N,M),E_{\widehat{R}}(k)) \end{align*} $$

for all $i\geq 0$ , where the second isomorphism follows from [42, Th. 3.2.13] and the first and third holds since $\widehat {R}$ is flat over R. Since $E_{\widehat {R}}(k)$ is an injective cogenerator in $\operatorname {\mathrm {Mod}} \widehat {R}$ , it follows from the above isomorphisms that the $\widehat {R}$ -module M is injective over R if and only if ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\widehat {R}}(M,E_{\widehat {R}}(k))$ is flat over R.

Corollary 7.17. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring, and let $\Phi $ be a codimension filtration of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ . Assume that at least one of the following conditions is true:

1. (1) $T_\Phi $ is tilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ is a flat R-module.

2. (2) $C_\Phi $ is cotilting in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ and $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi )$ is a flat R-module.

Then all the formal fibers of all the localizations of R are Cohen–Macaulay.

Proof. If (1) holds, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi ,T_\Phi )$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to the flat R-module $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ . Furthermore, for any inclusion $\mathfrak {p} \subseteq \mathfrak {q}$ , we have that the object ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})$ is, up to a suitable shift, a direct summand of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R(T_\Phi ,T_\Phi )$ . It follows that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_R({\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}},{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {q}}R_{\mathfrak {q}})$ is isomorphic to a stalk complex of a flat R-module in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Then Proposition 7.15 yields that the formal fiber $\kappa (\mathfrak {p}) {\otimes }_{R_{\mathfrak {q}}} \widehat {R_{\mathfrak {q}}}$ is Cohen–Macaulay.

The proof is completely analogous when the assumption (2) is satisfied instead.

Now we are ready to prove Theorem 1.3 together with its cotilting counterpart.

Theorem 7.18. Let R be a commutative noetherian local ring with a codimension filtration $\Phi $ . The following conditions are equivalent:

1. (1) $T_\Phi $ is tilting and $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ is a flat R-module.

2. (2) $C_\Phi $ is cotilting and $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi )$ is a flat R-module.

3. (3) R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring.

Proof. Theorem 7.5 yields both the implications (3) $\Rightarrow $ (1), (2).

Conversely, if we assume either one of the assumptions (1) or (2) then R is universally catenary by Proposition 7.14 and Corollary 7.17 shows that the formal fibres of R are Cohen–Macaulay. Since R is local, the condition (3) follows by Theorem 7.6(2).

Question 7.19. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring.

1. (1) Let T be a tilting object (resp. C be a cotilting object) in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ . Is $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T)$ (resp. $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C)$ ) flat as an R-module?

2. (2) Is the answer to (1) affirmative at least in the case $T=T_\Phi $ (resp. $C=C_\Phi $ ) for a codimension filtration $\Phi $ of $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ ?

Remark 7.20. By Theorem 7.18, an affirmative answer to Question 7.19(2) implies an affirmative answer to Question 7.8 for all local rings.

By Theorem 7.5, Question 7.19(2) holds true whenever R is a module-finite algebra over a Cohen–Macaulay ring of finite Krull dimension. Moreover, Corollaries 6.4 and 6.12 show the validity of Question 7.19(2) when R is a commutative noetherian ring of Krull dimension at most one; Question 7.19(2) is also verified by Theorems 7.5 and 7.12 in this case. We will show that Question 7.19(2) holds true when R is a two-dimensional ring (Theorem 7.22).

Remark 7.21. There is a two-dimensional commutative noetherian local domain such that its generic formal fiber is not Cohen–Macaulay (see [55, Prop. 4.5]). There is also a two-dimensional commutative noetherian local domain which is catenary (by definition) but not universally catenary and whose formal fibers are (geometrically) regular (see [82, Exam. 2]; see also [95, Exam. 2.6]). These rings admit codimension functions but are not homomorphic images of Cohen–Macaulay rings by Theorem 7.6(2).

The next theorem affirmatively answers Question 7.19(2) in the case of a ring of Krull dimension two.

Theorem 7.22. Let R be a two-dimensional commutative noetherian ring with a codimension filtration $\Phi $ . Then:

1. (1) If $T_\Phi $ is tilting, then $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ is flat as an R-module.

2. (2) If $C_\Phi $ is cotilting, then $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(C_\Phi )$ is flat as an R-module.

To prove this theorem, we make a remark.

Remark 7.23. Let R be a commutative noetherian ring of finite Krull dimension, and let $\mathfrak {p}$ be a minimal prime ideal of R. Assume that X is a bounded complex of flat $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules and Y a bounded complex of flat R-modules. If ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X, Y)$ is concentrated in some degree, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X, Y)$ is isomorphic in ( $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ ) to a flat R-module. Indeed, X and Y are isomorphic to bounded complexes of projective R-modules by [104, Part II, Cor. 3.2.7]. Thus ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X,Y)$ is isomorphic to a bounded complex of flat R-modules. By assumption, we have ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X,Y)\cong \Sigma ^n M$ for some $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module M and $n\in \mathbb {Z}$ . Then $\Sigma ^n M\cong F$ , and thus M has finite flat dimension over $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Since $\mathfrak {p}$ is minimal, $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ is Artinian, so that every flat $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module is projective (see [76, Ths. 23.20 and 24.25]). Consequently M has finite projective dimension over $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , which is bounded by $\dim R_{\mathfrak {p}}=0$ (see [104, Th. 3.2.6]). Therefore M is a projective $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module. In particular, M is a flat R-module, as desired.

Similarly, if X is a bounded complex of injective R-modules, Y a bounded complex of injective $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -modules, and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X, Y)$ is concentrated in some degree, then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X, Y)$ is isomorphic to an $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module of finite projective dimension over $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ , so the $R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ -module is projective. Hence ${\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}Hom}}}_{R}(X, Y)$ is isomorphic in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ to a flat R-module.

Proof. Let $\mathsf {d}$ be the codimension function on $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ such that $\Phi = \Phi _{\mathsf {d}}$ . In view of Remark 4.10, we may assume that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R$ is connected. Moreover, since $\dim R = 2$ , we may assume that $\mathsf {d}$ takes values in the interval $\{0,1,2\}$ .

(1): Suppose that $T_\Phi $ is tilting. Let us use the notation of Corollary 6.4: $W_n = \{\mathfrak {p} \in \operatorname {\mathrm {Spec}} R \mid \mathsf {d}(\mathfrak {p}) = n\}$ and $T(n) = \bigoplus _{\mathfrak {p} \in W_n}\Sigma ^{n}{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {R}\Gamma }}}_{\mathfrak {p}}R_{\mathfrak {p}}$ . Then $T_\Phi = T(0) \oplus T(1) \oplus T(2)$ . By the proof of Corollary 6.3, we have ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(i), T(j))=0$ if $i>j$ . Hence the R-module $\operatorname {\mathrm {End}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T_\Phi )$ is the direct sum of ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(0), T(0)\oplus T(1) \oplus T(2))$ , ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(1), T(1) \oplus T(2))$ , and ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(2), T(2))$ . By Corollaries 6.3 and 6.4, it suffices to show that ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(0), T(2))$ is a flat R-module. Note that each $\mathfrak {p} \in W_0$ is necessarily a minimal prime of R and

$$\begin{align*}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}(T(0), T(2))\cong \bigoplus_{\mathfrak{p}\in W_0}{\operatorname{\mathrm{Hom}}}_{\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{D}}}(R)}({\operatorname{\mathrm{\mathbf{R}\Gamma}}}_{\mathfrak{p}} R_{\mathfrak{p}}, T(2)).\end{align*}$$

Then ${\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}}_{\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)}(T(0), T(2))$ is flat as an R-module by (2.11) and Remark 7.23.

(2): This follows from a parallel argument to (1). Use Remarks 5.10 and 7.23, Proposition 6.9, and Corollary 6.12.

We conclude the paper by the following result, which affirmatively answers Question 7.8 (and Question 7.10) in the case of a local ring of Krull dimension two.

Corollary 7.24. Let $(R,\mathfrak {m},k)$ be a two-dimensional commutative noetherian local ring with a codimension filtration $\Phi $ . Then the following conditions are equivalent:

1. (1) $T_\Phi $ is a tilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

2. (2) $C_\Phi $ is a cotilting object in $\operatorname {\mathrm {\mathbf {D}}}(R)$ .

3. (3) R is a homomorphic image of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring.

Proof. By Theorem 7.5, the condition (3) implies (1) and (2). Conversely, assuming either (1) or (2), we obtain (3) from Theorems 7.6(2) and 7.22, Proposition 7.14, and Corollary 7.17.