Index

Hanspeter Kriesi; Argyrios Altiparmakis; Ábel Bojár; Ioana-Elena Oană

doi:10.1017/9781009456555.021

Index

actors (policy)

characteristics of, 55

civil society, 53–58, 93, 105–106, 109–110, 113, 122, 123, 130–131, 144, 146–147, 155–162, 230–232, 365

EU institutions, 53–58, 104, 109–110, 123–132, 130–131, 155–162, 230–232, 246–247, 365–366

foreign governments/third countries, 124–132, 246–247, 365–366

governing parties, 53–58, 124–132, 230–232, 365–366

national governments, 53–58, 102–109, 124–132, 157–162, 230–232, 246–247, 365–366

opposition parties, 53–58, 109–110, 124–132, 144, 157–162, 365–366

supranational organizations, 53–58, 123–132, 155–162, 365

Alfano, Angelino, 260–261

Algeria, 111

Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 83, 148, 210, 340–342, 345, 348, 353

framing of refugee crisis, 204–206

Amnesty International, 125, 164

analysis

core sentence (CSA), 41, 59

discourse (speech), 60, 203–210

framework of, 9–10, 358–361

policy process (PPA), 14, 41, 46–50, 360

protest event (PEA), 47

time series cross section (TSCS), 224, 232–241

units of, 51, 223, 224, 232, 249

Anglican Church, 139

Anne Will (TV talk show), 285

Aquarius (rescue vessel), 105, 263

Arab Spring, 71

asylum

applications (statistics), 4, 65, 73–77

procedures, 67, 229, 289–291

rejection rates (2010–14), 43

asylum policy, 28

in Australia, 68

in Canada, 68

contentiousness of, 4, 5, 13, 305–311

degree of contestability, 228–230

migrant “pushbacks”, 293, 303

in the United States, 68

asylum rules

reforms to, 47, 91, 95–101, 109–117, 123, 139–142, 146–147, 162–168, 264–272

asylum seekers

Afghan, 42, 70, 293

deaths at sea, 98, 104, 195–196, 259–260, 262–264

Eritrean, 111

human rights violated, 105, 177, 293

integration of, 4, 28, 70, 73, 111, 110–112, 115–116

Iranian, 111

Iraqi, 42, 111

Nigerian, 42

Pakistani, 42

reception (accommodation), 4, 27, 66, 67, 70, 99, 105, 290–295, 363, 373

resettlement/relocation, 100–103, 113–116, 192–193, 229, 269–272

opposition to, 109–110, 264–267, 309–311

returns, 94–95, 98, 99, 111–112, 139–141

secondary movements, 27–29, 32, 363

Syrian, 4, 99, 106–107, 111, 113, 147

Ukranian, 376–377

unaccompanied minors, 99, 114, 143, 293

Australia

asylum applications (statistics), 68

asylum policy, 68

Austria, 5, 263, 270, 286, 302

2016 presidential elections, 261

asylum applications (statistics), 68, 73–77

asylum regime, 43–44

historical development, 71–72

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

party system, 338, 338–353

policy conflicts (refugee crisis)

actors, 105–106

intragovernmental, 132–139

partisan, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

societal, 105, 132–139

supranational (vertical), 132–139, 247

transnational (horizontal), 104, 125, 132–139, 261

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129, 159

“Durchgriffsrecht” (Right to Intervene) policy (2015), 46, 105–106, 110, 132–139, 179–189, 274

Asylum Law reform (2017–19), 46, 111, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 274

Balkan Route Closure (2015–16), 46, 105–106, 132–139, 185–189, 245, 247, 255, 274

Border controls reimposed (2015–16), 46, 105–106, 132–139, 185–189, 261, 274

Integration Law (2015–17), 46, 110, 132–139, 179, 183–189, 274

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329, 323

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 173–174, 180, 261, 301, 345–351, 376

as transit state, 21–22, 42, 43, 89, 308, 362, 363

Willkommenskultur (welcome culture), 105

Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP), 80–81, 138, 350–351

coalition with FPÖ (2017–19), 173–174, 183–186

framing of refugee crisis, 204

Avramopoulos, Dimitris, 144, 253, 261, 288

Balkan migration route, 3, 138, 268

closure, 79, 98, 103, 106, 165, 245, 255, 286

Belarus, 373–374

Benelux countries, 66, See also the Netherlands; Luxembourg

Berlusconi, Silvio, 351

Besancenot, Olivier, 144–146

bias

in election campaigning, 265

panel data, 232–234

selection, 50

simultaneity, 234, 241

border control measures, 28, 90

degree of policy contestability, 228–230

Fence Building, 105–106, 131, 142, 245–246, 264–267, 303, 370, 373–374

re-bordering, 10, 20–21, 29, 39, 116, 121, 245–246, 357, 366

reforms to, 47, 95–101, 102–109, 123, 139–144, 147–150, 162–168, 234, 235, 238–239, 264–267

borders/boundaries

EU external, 10, 11, 20–21, 29, 65, 90, 95–101, 106, 114, 121, 143, 155, 165, 169, 245–248, 264, 294, 357

politicization of, 20, 21

as prerequisite for political community, 19–20

Brexit, 5, 82, 146, 211, 216, 303, 344, 351

British Labour Party, 113, 139, 347–349

New Labour, 70

Bulgaria, 106, 159, 270, 286

Cameron, David, 161, 280

government of (2010–15), 70, 139

government of (2015–16), 139, 147, 174

Canada

asylum policy, 68

Cazeneuve, Bernard, 145, 260

CDS – People’s Party (Portugal), 328

Central and Eastern Europe

communist legacies, 302

party systems, 23, 341

public opinion, 97

Chapel Hill survey, 181, 191

Christian Democrats (Germany), 110–112, 138, 147–150, 179, 213, 328, 349, 352

coalition with SPD (2013–18), 138, 183–186

Ciotti, Eric, 145

Civic Democratic Party (ODS, Czechia), 302

climate change, 226

coalition(s)

governing, 70, 104, 110–112, 122, 147–150, 173–174, 183–186, 189–191, 282–285, 342, 367

fragmentation in, 173–177

ideological distance, 173–177

grand, 24, 37, 110–112, 122, 138, 147, 148, 174, 181, 183–185, 190, 194, 269

transnational, 123, 159, 164–166, 254–256, 365

Cold War

end of, 63, 70, 72

Soviet bloc refugees during, 72

Collomb, Gérard, 113

Common European Asylum System (CEAS). See EU asylum policy

Conservative Party (UK), 82, 344, 347, 351, 367

coalition with Liberal Democrats (2010–15), 70, 139

framing of refugee crisis, 204, 211–219

government of (2015–16), 139, 147, 174

Conte, Giuseppe, 161, 179, 189–191, 263, 270

government of (2018–21), 262

Corbyn, Jeremy, 146, 347–349

Council of Europe, 125, 142, 143

Council of Ministers, 21, 33, 96, 153, 157, 268

Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) in, 34, 97

Reverse Qualified Majority Voting (RQMV) in, 34

Council of the European Union, 266, 294, 373, 376

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 23

Covid-19 crisis, 4, 101, 103, 113, 258, 303, 314, 356, 373, 374

comparisons with refugee crisis, 26

intergovernmental coordination in, 11

crisis

characteristics (urgency, uncertainty), 25, 27

management, 12, 16–17, 31, 36, 121, 146, 152, 156, 171, 178, 290–295, 356

as “opportunity structure”, 36, 86, 284, 354, 372

policymaking in, 3, 33–34

“rally-around-the-flag” effects, 17, 28, 34, 227, 235, 241, 369

political entrepreneurs and (“crisisification”), 13, 30, 92–93

public attitudes in Europe toward, 5, 37, 302–305

Croatia, 105, 106, 142, 257

Czech Republic, 97, 159, 165

as bystander state, 363

Davutoğlu, Ahmet, 161, 279, 285–286

de Maizière, Thomas, 149, 260

democracy(ies)

audience, 15

as discursive frame, 177, 187–191, 193, 199–219, 266

illiberal, 375

policymaking in, 15

social foundations of, 20

Democratic Coalition (Hungary), 192–193

Denmark, 112

Der Spiegel, 148

Detention Centers (refugees), 105, 292, See also Hotspots (camps)

di Maio, Luigi, 190

Dobrindt, Alexander, 270

Doctors Without Borders. See Médecins Sans Frontières

Dreyer, Malu, 149

Dublin regulation, 22, 27, 63, 64, 66, 67, 90, 104, 152, 154, 165, 245, 261, 268, 362, 363, See also EU asylum policy: burden-sharing

failure to reform, 101, 121, 264, 269–272, 320, 372

German suspension of, 3–4, 268, 284

Dubs, Alfred (Lord Dubs), 113

election(s), 101, 109, 173–174, 261, 336–339, 340–341, 354

campaigns, 331–332

Elliniki Lisi (Greek Solution) party

framing of refugee crisis, 204–206

Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 97, 114, 161, 256–258, 279, 285–286, 294

weaponization of migration, 94, 103, 256, 292

Estonia, 290

EU agencies. See EU institutions

EU asylum policy. See also Dublin regulation

burden-sharing, 26–27, 245

opposition to, 5, 97, 300

conflict structures in, 305–311

crisis management in, 356

Directive on Asylum Procedures (2015), 66, 67, 69, 70, 290

episodes (refugee crisis)

“non-decisions”, 27, 36, 101

Dublin Reform (2015–19), 46, 90, 95–101, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 265

Emergency Relocation Scheme (2015–18), 46, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 229, 265, 268

EU hotspot policy (2015–16), 99, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 252, 286–295

EU-Libya agreement (2016–20), 46, 95–101, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 262–264

European Border and Coast Guard (2015–19), 46, 95–101, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 252, 286–295

EU-Turkey agreement (2015–16), 46, 95–101, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 252, 275–295

European Asylum Support Office, 291

European Refugee Fund, 67

externalization of, 4, 97–101, 155–156, 163, 229, 294–295

failure to reform, 3–4, 36–38, 119, 356, 363, 371–372

historical development, 64–68

intergovernmental coordination in, 12, 31–32, 152–153, 268, 371

failure of, 3–4

as “organized hypocrisy”, 16, 67–68, 362

Pact on Migration and Asylum, 101

public opinion, 225–227, 303–305

transnational polarization, 305–311

Qualification Directive (2011), 66, 67, 69, 110

radical right opposition to, 23–24, 35, 36, 188, 224

re-bordering, 10, 20–21, 29, 39, 116, 121, 245–246, 357, 366

Reception Conditions Directive (2013), 66, 67, 70

shared competences in, 4, 10, 31, 63, 152–153, 361, 371

Temporary Protection Directive (2001), 376

EU Emergency Support Instrument, 291

EU institutions. See also individual organizations

limited competences of, 35

as policy actor, 4, 10, 104, 121, 123, 138, 142, 155–156, 253, 267, 272–273

policy conflicts among, 156

EU policymaking

communitarization, 65, 67

competence distribution, 11, 25, 31

conflict structures in

supranational (vertical), 21, 28–29

transnational (horizontal), 21, 23–24, 28–29

“constraining dissensus” in, 35, 153

crisis management, 7, 36, 121, 146, 152, 156, 255

and “defensive integration”, 357

and European integration, 9–11, 243

Europeanization in, 30, 244

foreign affairs, 98

French leadership in, 32

German leadership in, 12, 32, 171, 277

intergovernmental coordination in, 33–34, 65, 152–153, 371

long-term impact of refugee crisis on, 374

member states and

“foot dragging”, 30, 244, 254, 273, 370

national identities, 11

policy “uploading”, 29–30, 64, 245, 273, 369

partisan competition and, 34–35

predominance of executive decision-making in, 12, 33–34, 39, 55, 154, 276–282

theories of, 23, 26, 33

transjurisdictional interventions, 29–30, 244–248, 272–273, 369

as two-level game, 16, 21, 25, 33, 154, 243

under crisis conditions, 25–31, 33–34

EU Trust Fund for Africa, 100

EU-Libya agreement, 155–156, 262–264, See also policy episode

Euro (currency), 352

Euro Area crisis. See Eurozone crisis

Eurobarometer, 58, 59

European Agenda on Migration, 90, 169

European Asylum Support Office, 99, 291

European Border and Coast Guard (EBCG)

creation of (2016), 99–102, 245

debates over jurisdiction, 102

jurisdiction debates, 100

European Central Bank (ECB), 31, 156

European Commission, 27, 31, 39, 63, 97, 99–101, 104, 109–110, 125, 138, 143, 144, 156, 157, 253, 261, 263, 290, 362

Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs, 66

European Agenda on Migration, 90, 121

New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020), 372–373

European Council, 13, 21, 33, 99–101, 153, 157, 262, 293

meetings (“EU summits”), 91, 98, 102, 107, 254, 269–271

European Council on Refugees and Exiles, 372

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), 44, 142, 143

European Court of Justice (ECJ), 44, 97, 109, 266

European integration, 11, 23

defensive, 20–21, 357, 359, 372

EU policymaking and, 9–11, 243

theories of, 6–8, 19, 111–112, 121, 123, 243, 356

European Parliament, 21, 96, 98, 138, 143, 144, 157, 266, 267, 285

2019 elections, 101

European People’s Party (EPP), 266

European radical right. See radical right

European Refugee Fund, 67

European Social Survey (ESS), 58, 304

European Union (EU). See also EU policymaking; EU asylum policy; member states

as compound polity, 8–9, 12, 20, 41, 62, 152, 356–360

enlargement, 72, 99

external borders, 10, 11, 20–21, 29, 65, 90, 95–101, 106, 114, 121, 143, 155, 165, 169, 245–248, 264, 294, 357, 372–374

foreign policymaking, 98

humanitarian and development aid, 294

integration-demarcation cleavage, 11, 23–24, 121–123, 298–302, 365, 366

migration governance, 65

public opinion

EU crises, 302–305

surveys, 58, 59, 302–305

relations with Libya, 100–101

rule-of-law crisis, 375

Europeanization, 30, 244

Europol, 99

Euroscepticism, 23, 207, 218, 219, 304, 320, 341

Eurozone crisis, 70, 289, 303

comparisons with refugee crisis, 18, 38, 353–355, 375

Germany and, 32

Greece and, 29, 102

EU-Turkey agreement, 45, 81, 88, 106, 107, 152, 155–156, 229, 275–295, See also policy episode

Angela Merkel and, 268, 280, 284–285, 288

negotiation and terms of, 97–98

Fahimi, Yasmin, 149

far right. See radical right

Farage, Nigel, 60

Faymann, Werner, 81, 106, 161

Fico, Robert (Slovakian politician), 266

Fico, Roberto (Italian politician), 263

Fidesz party, 80, 109–110, 181, 186, 192–193, 199, 302, 320–330, 324, 328, 341, 346

framing of refugee crisis, 200, 204–206

government of (2014–18), 93, 138, 142, 367

Finland, 5, 97, 302

as bystander state, 309

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329

foreign policy, 98, 226

Forza Italia party, 345, 351

framing

discourse (speech) analysis and, 203–210

of refugee crisis, 367

by center-right actors, 187–191, 196, 203–207, 208–219

efficiency-utilitarian frames, 199–219

humanitarian-solidaristic-democratic frames, 187–191, 193, 196, 199–219

international solidarity frames, 193

by left-wing actors, 149, 201

by the radical right, 187–191, 196, 198–199, 203–207, 208–219

securitarian-sovereignty-identitarian frames, 143, 193, 196, 199–219

theories of, 197–198

France, 5, 66, 270, 290, 302

2017 presidential elections, 173–174, 338

asylum applications (statistics), 73–77

asylum regime, 43–44

historical development, 69

as closed destination state, 21–22, 42, 43, 89, 308, 362

EU Presidency (2022), 373

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

leadership in EU policymaking, 32

November 2015 terrorist attacks, 94, 109, 144

party system, 338–353

policy conflicts (refugee crisis)

intragovernmental, 132–139

partisan, 112, 132–139, 144–146, 179–183, 185–189

societal, 112, 132–139

supranational (vertical), 132–139, 247

transnational (horizontal), 104, 108–109, 125, 132–139

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129, 159

Asylum Law reform (2017–19), 46, 112, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 274

Border controls reimposed (2015–20), 46, 94, 108–109, 130, 132–139, 185–189, 234, 274

Calais policy (2015–16), 46, 108–109, 125, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 234, 247, 274

Rights of Foreigners Bill (2013–15), 46, 132–139, 144–146, 150, 179–183, 185–189, 234, 274

Ventimiglia border (2015), 46, 108–109, 125, 130, 132–139, 185–189, 225–227, 274

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329, 323

radical left in, 180, 345, 352

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 180, 343–345, 348–352, 376

Fratelli d’Italia (party), 82, 199, 345, 352, See also Giorgia Meloni

framing of refugee crisis, 204–206

Free Democratic Party (Germany), 329

free movement principle, 6, 83, See also Schengen area

limits to, 10

refugee crisis as threat to, 10

suspension of, 100

Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), 80–81, 347, 350–351

coalition with ÖVP (2017–19), 173–174, 183–186

framing of refugee crisis, 204–206

Front National (FN), 338, 346, 352

Frontex, 90, 99–102, 156, 245, 257, 290, See also European Border and Coast Guard (EBCG)

Galinos, Spyros, 289–291

GALTAN scores, 181, 183, 185–186, 189, 191, 192

Gauland, Alexander, 60

Gentiloni, Paolo, 161

government of (2016–18), 181

Geo Barents (rescue vessel), 373

Germany, 5, 37, 66, 302, 377

2017 elections, 174, 336, 340–341

asylum applications (statistics), 63, 64, 73–77

asylum regime, 43–44

“Aussiedler” refugees, 63

Berlin Christmas market attack (2016), 94, 112

EU presidency(2022), 294

Eurozone crisis, 32

fascist legacies, 82

Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF), 69

Federal Police, 270, 271

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

as “hobbled hegemon”, 171

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

leadership in EU policymaking, 12, 32, 171, 277, 363

New Year’s Eve attacks (2015–16), 111

as open destination state, 22, 42, 43, 89, 275, 308, 362, 363

historical development, 97–98

party system, 107, 338–353

policy conflicts (refugee crisis), 130–131

intragovernmental, 111, 132–139, 147–150, 183–184, 268–272, 282–285

partisan, 130–139, 179–183, 268–272

societal, 132–139, 268–272, 283

supranational (vertical), 132–139, 247

transnational (horizontal), 132–139

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129, 159

“Wir Schaffen Das” (2015 Dublin regulation suspension), 46, 106–107, 132–139, 150, 179, 183–184, 247, 282–285

Asylum Package (2015–16), 46, 132–139, 179, 183–184, 187–189, 282–285

CDU-CSU policy dispute (2018), 46, 107, 179, 183, 187–189, 247, 370

EU-Turkey agreement (2015–16), 282–285

Integration Law (2016), 46, 111, 132–139, 179, 282–285

Orderly Returns Law (2017–19), 94, 111, 132–139, 234

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329, 323

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 148, 340–341, 343, 345, 348–350, 376

Willkommenskultur (welcome culture), 97, 106, 184

Golden Dawn party, 82, 180, 343, 344, 351

Greece, 5, 37, 270, 302

2019 elections, 173, 338

asylum applications (statistics), 70–71

asylum regime

dysfunction in, 43–44, 71, 289–291

historical development, 70–71

diaspora, 70

and Eurozone crisis, 29, 102

as frontline state, 42, 43, 89, 275, 308, 362–363

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 311–329

migrant “pushbacks”, 293

as object of EU policymaking, 245

party system, 339, 342

policy conflicts (refugee crisis), 130–131

externalized, 374

intragovernmental, 132–139

partisan, 132–139, 179–183

societal, 132–139

supranational (vertical), 132–139, 155, 251–258, 286–295

transnational (horizontal), 94, 132–139, 155, 251–258

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 159

Aegean detention centers (2019–20), 46, 94, 115, 132–139, 251–256, 274

EU hotspot policy (2015–16), 286–295

European Border and Coast Guard (2015–19), 286–295

EU-Turkey agreement (2015–16), 277–282, 286–295

Hotspots/Frontex (2015–16), 46, 102, 115, 132–139, 251–256, 274, 370

International Protection Bill (2019), 46, 94, 115, 132–139, 256–258, 274

Summer 2015 “foot dragging”, 46, 102, 115, 130, 132–139, 179–183, 251–256, 274, 370

Turkey border crisis (2020), 46, 94, 103, 115, 132–139, 256–258, 370

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329, 323

radical left in, 286–295, 302, 341, 349

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 180, 343, 348–350, 376

relations with Turkey, 94, 102, 245–248, 256–258

threats to expel from Schengen, 155, 165, 254–256

Green Party (Sweden), 108

coalition with Social Democrats (2019–21), 112, 181, 182

Greens party (Austria), 81

Gulyás, Gergely, 143

Gyurcsány, Ferenc, 192

Häupl, Michael, 184

Hofer, Norbert, 261

Hollande, François, 161, 173, 261

government of, 144–146

Holz, Thomas, 148

Hotspots (migrant camps), 292

Idomeni, 289–291

international criticism of, 155–156

on Aegean islands, 256–258, 289–292, 295

Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP), 192

Hungary, 5, 165, 263, 302, 330

2018 elections, 109, 342

Asylum Act (2007), 72

asylum applications (statistics), 73

asylum regime, 43–44

historical development, 71–72

Budapest Keleti station closure (2015), 3

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

as illiberal democracy, 375

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

party system, 109, 339, 338–353

policy conflicts (refugee crisis)

actors, 105–106, 109–110

intragovernmental, 132–139

partisan, 93, 109–110, 132–139, 179–183, 191–193

societal, 109–110, 132–139, 192–193, 264–267

supranational (vertical), 109–110, 130–139, 142–144, 247, 264–267

transnational (horizontal), 105, 132–139, 264–267

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129, 159

“Stop Soros” package (2018–19), 46, 93, 109–110, 130, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 234, 264–267, 370

border barrier amendment (2017–18), 46, 105–106, 132–139, 142–144, 234, 264–267, 370

border fence policy (2015–16), 46, 105–106, 131–139, 229, 264–267, 370

civil society law (2017), 46, 93, 109–110, 129, 132–139, 264–267, 370

EU-Turkey agreement (2015–16), 277–282

Quota referendum (2015–16), 46, 52, 109–110, 125, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 191–193, 264–267, 370

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 109–110, 180, 192–193, 345–346, 348–350, 376

rule-of-law crisis in, 37, 375

shrinking press freedom in, 342, 351

transition to democracy, 72

as transit state, 22, 42, 43, 73, 89, 275, 308, 309, 362–363

identity

European

as discursive frame, 143, 198–199, 218–219

national

as discursive frame, 177, 187–191, 193, 196, 199–219

politicization of, 23–24, 36, 121

immigration issue(s)

partisan competition over, 336–353

political salience of, 77–80, 235–237, 332–355, 363

public attitudes, 41, 177, 195–196, 227, 302–305, 311–329, 323, 225–227

radical right “ownership” of, 38, 122, 198, 355

radical right politicization of, 122, 176–177

partisan competition over, 23–25

integration-demarcation cleavage (EU), 5, 11, 20, 23–24, 121–123, 298–302, 365, 366

intergovernmental coordination

in EU asylum policy

failure of, 12

in EU policymaking, 33–34

as predominant decision-making mode during refugee crisis, 13, 153

international humanitarian law, 196, 291, 292, 371, 372

Ireland, 5, 302

as bystander state, 22, 309

asylum applications (statistics), 68

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329, 323

Islamophobia, 201, 202, 205, 207, 213, 216

issue(s)

“ownership”, 38, 122, 198, 332, 334, 344, 355

direction, 223

domains, 224, 226

partisan positioning on, 177, 332, 335, 339, 343–349

Italy, 5, 66

2013 elections, 337

2018 elections, 173, 337

asylum applications (statistics), 73–77

asylum regime, 43–44

historical development, 71–72

Bossi-Fini Law (2002), 71

coast guard, 259, 263

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

as frontline state, 42, 43, 89, 308, 362–363

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

party system, 339, 342

policy conflicts (refugee crisis), 130–131

intragovernmental, 189–192

partisan, 132–139, 179–183, 258–264

societal, 132–139, 258–264

supranational (vertical), 132–139, 247, 258–264

transnational (horizontal), 104, 125, 132–139, 258–264

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129, 159

Brenner Pass (2016), 46, 104, 125, 132–139, 274

EU-Libya agreement (2016–20), 370

Mare Nostrum (2013–14), 46, 103, 132–139, 247, 274, 370

Port Closures (2018), 46, 94, 104, 132–139, 274, 370

Sicurezza decrees (2018–19), 46, 94, 104, 132–139, 179, 184–191, 274

Ventimiglia border (2015), 46, 104, 125, 132–139, 225–264, 274, 370

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329, 323

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 189–191, 197–198, 343–345, 348–352, 376

relations with Libya, 71, 100–101, 155, 262–264

Turco–Napolitano Law (1998), 71

Jobbik party, 80, 109–110, 138, 164, 180, 192–193, 342, 346

Jordan, 295

Juncker, Jean-Claude, 96, 100, 161–162, 255, 261, 267, 270, 271, 279

Kammenos, Panos, 253

Kern, Christian, 161

Kindertransport (Second World War), 114

Kotzias, Nikos, 255

Kövér, László, 266

Kramp-Karrenbauer, Annegret, 149

Kurdi, Alan

death of, 195–196

Kurz, Sebastian, 60, 81, 104, 106, 154, 161, 216, 258, 261, 272, 347, 352

government of (2017–19), 173, 183–186

La France Insoumise party, 352

La République En Marche, 182, 341

Latvia, 5, 290, 302

as bystander state, 308, 313, 316

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329, 323

Law and Justice party (PiS), 199, 302, 320–330

government of, 35

Lázár, János, 143

Lebanon, 295

Left Party (Sweden), 112, 138

Lega party, 94, 301, 345, 352

coalition with M5S (2018–21), 104, 173, 182, 183, 189–191, 262–264, 270, 367

framing of refugee crisis, 204–206

Les Républicains party, 144–146, 150

Letta, Enrico

government of (2013–14), 103, 259

Liberal Democrats (UK), 174

coalition with Conservatives (2010–15), 139

governing coalition with Conservatives (2010–15), 70

Libya

coast guard, 262

relations with Italy, 71, 100–101, 155, 262–264

relations with the EU, 100–101

Lifeline (rescue vessel), 263

Lisbon Treaty, 66

Lithuania, 290

LMP–Hungary’s Green Party, 192

Löfven, Stefan, 108, 161, 174

government of (2014–21), 185

Lukashenko, Alexander

weaponization of migration, 373–374

Luxembourg

EU presidency (2015), 157

Maastricht Treaty, 66

Macron, Emmanuel, 113, 161, 173, 182, 263, 270, 341, 352

Malmström, Cecila, 260–261

Malta, 263

Malta Declaration, 100–101, 262

maritime rescues, 104–105, 156, 202, 259–260, 262–264

Mattarella, Sergio, 179, 190–191

May, Theresa, 60, 70

Médecins Sans Frontières, 125, 289

media, 342, 344, 351

coverage of refugee crisis, 148, 156, 195, 275, 280, 285

sources (news), 45, 50–51, 88, 275–276

Mediterranean migration route, 3, 90, 100–101, 156, 229, 262–264, 373

Melchior, Axel, 257

Meloni, Giorgia, 60, 216, See also Fratelli d’Italia

member states. See also European Union (EU); EU asylum policy; individual countries

and EU policymaking

“foot dragging”, 29–30, 244, 254, 273

policy “uploading”, 29–30, 64, 245, 273, 369

asylum regimes, 43–44, 67

capacity-building, 245, 272–273

discordance, 67–68

five-fold typology, 21–22, 41–42

national asylum regimes, 42–44

policy episodes (refugee crisis)

predominance of executive decision-making in, 13, 33–34, 39, 55, 154, 279–280, 365

policy heritage, 41–42, 364

power hierarchies among, 12, 32

transnational coalitions of, 11, 13, 26–27, 254–256

uneven impact of refugee crisis in, 4, 11, 26–27, 35, 38, 63, 73–77, 153, 228, 358, 362, 363, 371

unilateral policy actions, 245–246, 262–264, 357, 369

spillover effects of, 12, 27–28, 369

Merkel, Angela, 69, 97, 147–150, 161–162, 183–186, 258, 262, 352–353, 356, 365, 370

decision to suspend Dublin regulation, 3–4, 106–107, 111, 147, 284

and EU-Turkey agreement, 280, 284–285, 288

government of (2013–17), 174

government of (2017–21), 342

policy disputes with Seehofer, 107, 179, 269–272

Time magazine “person of the year” (2015), 107

“Wir Schaffen Das” statement, 107

Michel, Charles, 257–258, 294

migrant camps, 108–109, See also Hotspots; Detention Centers

evacuation of, 145, 254, 261

Turkish-Syrian border, 286

migration

pull factors, 72, 202

routes, 3, 246, 255, 262–264, 268

weaponization of, 94, 103, 253, 256, 292, 374

Mitsotakis, Kyriakos, 60, 103, 198, 216, 257–258, 286

government of (2019–21), 94, 181, 367

Moldova, 376

Morocco, 111, 294, 373

Movimento Cinque Stella (M5S), 335

coalition with Lega (2018–21), 104, 173, 183, 189–191, 262–264, 270, 367

Müller, Michael, 148

Napolitano, Giorgio, 260

National Federation of Social Reintegration Associations, France (FNARS), 145

National Rally, 144, 145, 150, 164, 344

nativism, 122, 301

Netherlands, the, 5, 116, 257, 302

asylum applications (statistics), 68

EU presidency (2016), 157, 266

immigration issue

public attitudes, 311–329

as open destination state, 308

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 323

New Anti-capitalist Party (France), 145, 180

New Democracy party, 82, 173, 288, 342, 348, 351

framing of refugee crisis, 200, 204–205

government of (2019–21), 291

New Pact on Migration and Asylum (2020), 294, 372–373

Niessl, Hans, 184

non-decisions. See EU asylum policy: non-decisions

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 125, 156

Northern League (Italy). See Lega party

Norway, 112

Ocean Viking (rescue vessel), 373

Oettinger, Günther, 263

Operation Mare Nostrum, 104, 202, 259–260, 262

Operation Triton, 104, 260, 262

Orbán, Viktor, 60, 81, 93, 114, 138, 149, 154, 161–162, 186, 192, 266–267, 280, 347, 353, 368

framing of refugee crisis, 143, 284

government of (2014–18), 35, 142, 174, 181

Oxfam, 289

Pact on Migration and Asylum (2019), 101

Panama, 263

Parti Radical de Gauche, 145, 180

Partito Democratico, 173, 345

party system(s), 23, 34, 37, 38, 77, 80–83, 107, 331–333, 335–340, 375–376

of Central and Eastern Europe, 23, 341

cleavage structures and, 121–123

European, 377

party(ies)

center-left, 16, 24, 122, 138, 286, 320–330, 325, 327–329, 331–333, 340–353, 375

center-right, 16, 301, 320–330, 325, 327–329, 332–333, 335, 340–351, 375–376

radicalization of, 301–302

challenger, 16, 80–83, 144–145, 150, 286, 363

competition over EU policymaking, 34–35

competition over immigration issue, 23–25, 336–353

greens, 81, 192, 301–302, 320–330, 331–333, 335, 341–342, 346, 350

liberal, 320–330, 325, 327–329, 332, 335, 342, 345

radical-left, 122, 301, 302, 325, 327–329, 331–333, 340–353

radical-right, 301–302, 320–330, 325, 327–329, 332–333, 335, 340–352, 354–355, 363, 375–376

PASOK party, 329

people smuggling, 90, 100–101, 104, 143, 259–260, 288

Petry, Frauke, 60

Poland, 5, 97, 159, 165, 302, 330, 377

as bystander state, 309, 363

as illiberal democracy, 375

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329, 323

rule-of-law crisis in, 37, 375

polarization, 14, 18, 58, 85, 95, 114, 166, 280, 304, 305–311, 315–322, 329, 331, 338, 347–348, 360

defined, 58, 86

policy

contestability of, 228–230, 237

episodes

defined, 14, 44

heritage, 41–42, 86, 248, 299, 358, 361, 362, 364, 372

defined, 31, 62

subsystems, 15

templates, 228, 229, 235

theories of elite support, 225–227

policy actions, 51–54

issue direction, 223

transjurisdictional, 29–30, 244–248, 272–273, 369

typology of, 53–54

policy analysis, 11, 19

policy process (PPA), 14, 46–47

and related approaches, 41, 47–49, 53

policy arenas

centrality to policy debate, 52–53

electoral, 122

governmental, 52–53, 131, 192–193

international, 52–53, 223–224, 248

media, 52–53, 192–193

parliamentary, 52–53, 131, 192–193

partisan, 223–224

protest, 52–53, 192–193, 231

societal, 192–193

policy episodes (refugee crisis)

actors in

civil society, 53–58, 105, 106, 124–132, 144, 146–147, 155–162

EU institutions, 109–110, 124–132, 155–162, 276–282

foreign governments/third countries, 53–58, 124–132, 157–162, 276

governing parties, 55, 122–124, 124–132, 157–162

national governments, 53–58, 124–132, 157–162, 276–282

opposition parties, 53–58, 122–124, 144, 157–162

supranational organizations, 53–58, 124–132, 155–162, 276–282

Austrian

“Durchgriffsrecht” (Right to Intervene) policy (2015), 46, 105–106, 110, 132–139, 179–183, 274

Asylum Law reform (2017–19), 46, 111, 132–139, 179–183, 274

Balkan Route Closure (2015–16), 105–106, 132–139, 245, 247, 255, 274

border controls reimposed (2015–16), 46, 105–106, 132–139, 245–248, 261, 274

Integration Law (2015–17), 46, 110, 132–139, 179–183, 274

case selection, 13, 44–45

conflicts during, 86–116

externalized, 17, 156, 365–366

intensity, 15, 31, 57–58, 124, 129–131, 162–168, 248

intragovernmental, 111, 122–124, 139–151, 173–192, 268–272, 282–285, 365–366

partisan, 110, 122–124, 139–151, 173–174, 176–183, 191–193, 258–264, 268–272, 365–366

societal, 109–110, 123, 124, 130, 139–151, 146–147, 162–168, 193, 258–264, 268–272, 283, 365–366

supranational (vertical), 17, 123–125, 130, 139–151, 154–156, 246–247, 258–264, 283, 365–366

transnational (horizontal), 17, 123–125, 130, 139–151, 154–156, 225–227, 246–247, 258–264, 268–272, 283, 365–366

EU level

Dublin Reform (2015–19), 46, 90, 95–101, 115, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 265, 268

Emergency Relocation Scheme (2015–18), 46, 115, 157–159, 168–171, 193, 229, 265, 268

EU hotspot policy (2015–16), 132–139, 155, 157–159, 168–171, 252

EU-Libya agreement (2016–20), 46, 52, 95–101, 115, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 262–264, 274, 370

European Border and Coast Guard (2015–19), 46, 95–101, 115, 132–139, 155, 157–159, 168–171, 252

EU-Turkey agreement (2015–16), 46, 52, 95–101, 115, 132–139, 157–159, 168–171, 252, 268, 275–295

framing in, 56–58

French

Asylum Law reform (2017–19), 46, 113, 132–139, 182, 274

border controls reimposed (2015–20), 46, 94, 108–109, 132–139, 179–183, 234, 274

Calais policy (2015–16), 46, 108–109, 125, 132–139, 179–183, 234, 247, 274

Rights of Foreigners Bill (2013–15), 46, 132–139, 144–146, 150, 179–183, 234, 274

Ventimiglia border (2015), 46, 108–109, 125, 132–139, 274

German, 91–93

“Wir Schaffen Das” (2015 Dublin regulation suspension), 46, 106–107, 132–139, 147–150, 179, 183–184, 187–189, 247, 268–272, 282–285

Asylum Package (2015–16), 46, 132–139, 179, 282–285

CDU-CSU policy dispute (2018), 46, 93–94, 107, 179, 268–272

Integration Law (2016), 46, 93–94, 111, 132–139, 179, 183–184, 187–189, 282–285

Orderly Returns Law (2017–19), 46, 93–94, 111, 132–139, 234

Greek

Aegean detention centers (2019–20), 46, 103, 115, 132–139, 245–248, 251–256, 274

Hotspots/Frontex (2015–16), 46, 102, 115, 132–139, 245–248, 274, 370

International Protection Bill (2019), 46, 115, 132–139, 245–248, 251–256, 274

Summer 2015 “foot dragging”, 46, 115, 130, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 245–248, 274, 370

Turkey border crisis (2020), 46, 103, 115, 132–139, 245–248, 251–256, 274, 370, 374

Hungarian

“Stop Soros” package (2018–19), 46, 130, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 192–193, 234, 264–267

border barrier amendment (2017–18), 46, 93, 105–106, 142–144, 234, 264–267, 370

border fence policy (2015–16), 46, 105–106, 131–139, 229, 264–267, 370

civil society law (2017), 46, 129, 132–139, 264–267

Quota referendum (2015–16), 46, 125, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189, 192–193, 245–248, 264–267

Italian

Brenner Pass (2016), 46, 104, 125, 132–139, 274, 370

Mare Nostrum (2013–14), 46, 132–139, 258–264, 274, 370

Port Closures (2018), 46, 93–94, 104, 132–139, 258–264, 274, 370

Sicurezza decrees (2018–19), 46, 94, 104, 132–139, 179, 184–191, 258–264, 274

Ventimiglia border (2015), 46, 104, 125, 132–139, 258–264, 274, 370

multiple issues in, 55–56

phases of, 154, 168–171, 237–239

Swedish, 91–93

Border Controls (2015–18), 46, 107–108, 132–139

Family Reunification Amendment (2018–20), 46, 116, 135, 274

municipalities bill (2015–16), 46, 94, 110, 132–139, 248

Police Powers Law (2016–18), 46, 116, 132–139, 234, 274

temporary residence permits (2015–16), 46, 94, 107–108, 112, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

timing, 45

in the United Kingdom

Calais policy (2014–16), 46, 125, 132–139, 234

Dubs Amendment (2016–17), 46, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

Immigration Act (2014), 46, 130, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

Immigration Act (2016), 46, 132–139, 146–147, 150

Vulnerable Persons’ Resettlement Scheme (2013–17), 46, 132–139, 234, 247

policymaking

agenda-setting, 52

in democracies, 15

“rally-around-the-flag” effects, 17, 28, 34, 227, 235, 241, 369

under crisis conditions, 3

political elite

defined, 223–224

support for policies during refugee crisis, 224–242

political entrepreneurs, 93–94, 114, 154–155, 368

“crisisification” strategies of, 30, 92–93

political legitimacy, 21, 58, 229, 231–232, 239–241, 266, 302, 320, 330

politicization, 86–116

of borders, 20

as index of issue salience and polarization, 14, 57–58, 85, 167, 223, 360

populism, 23, 201–202, 207, 211, 216, 219, 262, 263

Portugal, 5, 290, 302

as bystander state, 22, 309

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329, 323

radical left in, 302

protest(s)

arena, 52–53, 192–193, 231

during refugee crisis, 107

event analysis (PEA), 47

public goods, 12, 19, 32, 155, 171, 363

public opinion, 58

on EU asylum policies, 303–305

on EU crises, 5, 37, 302–305

immigration issues, 41, 77–80, 302–305, 311–329, 323

Pühringer, Josef, 184

quiet politics, 15

racism. See xenophobia; nativism

radical left, 179, 286–295, 301, 302, 345

radical right, 23–24, 148, 173–174, 179, 189–191, 227, 238, 261, 301–302, 332–333, 335, 340–341, 341–352, 375–376

framing of refugee crisis, 4, 196, 198–199, 203–219

opposition to EU asylum policy, 23–24, 35, 36, 189, 224

“ownership” of immigration issue, 38, 122, 198, 355

politicization of immigration, 80–83, 122, 176–177

Rassemblement National. See Front National (FN); National Rally

refugee crisis (2015–16)

burden-sharing during, 121, 139–141, 153, 261, 284

resistance to, 97

comparisons with Eurozone crisis, 38, 285, 353–355, 375

defensive integration as outcome of, 20–21

electoral consequences of, 333–355, 375–376

elite policy support during, 224–242

framing of, 367

by center-right actors, 25, 187–191, 196–197

by the radical right, 4, 187–191, 196

efficiency-utilitarian frames, 56–58, 199–219

humanitarian-solidaristic-democratic frames, 56–58, 177, 187–191, 196, 199–219

international solidarity frames, 56–58, 211–214

by left-wing actors, 201

securitarian-sovereignty-identitarian frames, 4, 56–58, 177, 187–191, 196, 199–219

humanitarian aspects, 164–166, 195–196

media coverage of, 156, 195, 275, 285

ongoing impacts of, 5, 353–355

phases of, 85–86, 101–102, 228–230, 235, 282–293, 368

policy conflicts during, 86–116

externalized, 162–168

intragovernmental, 122, 131–142, 139–151, 147–150, 175–194

partisan, 122, 131–142, 139–151, 176–183, 179–183, 191–193

societal, 124, 131–142, 139–151, 193

supranational (vertical), 123–124, 131–142, 139–151, 142–144, 162–168

transnational (horizontal), 123–124, 131–151, 162–168, 298–300

politicization of policy responses, 86–116

protests during, 103, 107, 125, 256, 261, 289, 292

readily foreseeable to policymakers, 4, 27, 63, 91

as threat to EU survival, 4, 37

uneven impact across member states, 4, 11, 26–27, 35, 38, 63, 73–77, 153, 228, 358, 362, 363, 371

refugees. See asylum seekers

Reiter, Dieter, 149

Renzi, Matteo, 161, 260, 261

government of (2014–16), 173, 181, 262

Rokkan, Stein, 6

Romania, 5, 97, 302

as bystander state, 308

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329, 323

Romson, Åsa, 108

Russia-Ukraine War (2022–), 372, 376

Salvini, Matteo, 60, 94, 104, 114, 173, 179, 189–191, 216, 260, 368

framing of refugee crisis, 208–210, 262–264

Sargentini, Judith, 143, 267

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 145

Sassoli, David, 257

Schallenberg, Alexander, 257

Schengen area, 10, 31, 63, 66, 98, 108, 152, 275, 362, See also free movement principle

threats to expel Greece, 155, 165, 254–256

Scottish Refugee Council, 147

Sea-Watch 3 (rescue vessel), 373

security

as discursive frame, 177, 187–191, 193, 196, 199–219

Seehofer, Horst, 94, 114, 147–150, 183–186, 368

framing of refugee crisis, 285

policy disputes with Merkel, 107, 179, 269–272

Serbia, 105–106, 142

Single European Act, 65, 68

Slovakia, 35, 97, 159, 165, 263

as bystander state, 363

EU presidency (2016), 266

Slovenia, 142

Social Democratic Party (PSD, Romania), 302

Social Democratic Party, Austria (SPÖ), 80–81, 138, 173

Social Democratic Party, Germany (SDP), 110–112, 147–150, 179, 271, 283, 284

coalition with Christian Democrats (2013–18), 138, 183–186

framing of refugee crisis, 149

Social Democrats (Slovakia), 35

Social Democrats (Sweden), 112

coalition with Green Party (2019–21), 112

Socialist Party (France), 345

Soros, George, 109

Soylu, Süleyman, 258

Spain, 5, 105, 263, 270, 302, 373

immigration issue

public attitudes, 323

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration issues, 311–329

radical left in, 302

radical right in, 302

State of the Union (EU) speech, 96, 100

Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 270

Stoiber, Edmund, 148

Strache, Heinz-Christian, 60

Sweden, 5, 302

asylum applications (statistics), 73–77

asylum regime, 43–44

historical development, 69

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 350

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

as open destination state, 22, 42, 43, 89, 308, 362, 363

policy conflicts (refugee crisis), 130–131

intragovernmental, 112, 132–139

partisan, 132–139, 179–183

societal, 130–131, 132–139

supranational (vertical), 132–139

transnational (horizontal), 132–139

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129

Border Controls (2015–18), 46, 107–108, 132–139, 234

Family Reunification Amendment (2018–20), 46, 116, 135, 274

municipalities bill (2015–16), 46, 110, 132–139, 248

Police Powers Law (2016–18), 46, 116, 132–139, 234, 274

temporary residence permits (2015–16), 46, 52, 107–108, 112, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329, 323

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 180, 376

Sweden Democrats, 83, 112, 138, 180

Switzerland, 226

radical right in, 301

Syria, 294, 295

civil war, 4

Syrian refugees, 4, 42, 99, 106–107, 111, 113, 147, 217, 284, 293–294, 377

Syriza party, 82, 173, 286, 342, 346, 349

coalition with ANEL (2015–19), 183, 253

Szijjártó, Péter, 143, 266

terrorism, 94, 101, 112, 144

Timmermans, Frans, 285–286

transnational

coalitions, 31, 159, 164–166

right-wing discourse on refugee crisis, 198–199, 218–219

Treaty on European Union. See Maastricht Treaty

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

Article 4, 10

Article 78(3), 90

Tsipras, Alexis, 103, 161, 254–256, 280, 286–295

Tunisia, 111

Turkey. See also Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; EU-Turkey agreement

2016 putsch, 99

relations with Greece, 94, 102, 245–248, 256–258

Tusk, Donald, 255, 271, 279

framing of refugee crisis, 284–285

Ubaldo Diciotti (Italian Coast Guard vessel), 263

Uekermann, Johanna, 149

Ukraine

refugees, 376–377

United Kingdom, 5, 302

2015 election, 354

as closed destination state, 21–22, 42, 43, 89, 275, 308, 362

asylum applications (statistics), 68, 73–77

asylum regime, 43–44

historical development, 70, 113–116

framing of refugee crisis in, 204–219

immigration issue

political salience, 89–90, 336–353

public attitudes, 77–80, 311–329

party system, 338–353

policy conflicts (refugee crisis), 130–131

intragovernmental, 132–139

partisan, 132–139, 179–183

societal, 113–116, 132–139, 146–147

supranational (vertical), 132–139

transnational (horizontal), 108–109, 125, 132–139

policy episodes (refugee crisis), 91–93, 126–129

Calais policy (2014–16), 46, 108–109, 116, 125, 132–139, 234

Dubs Amendment (2016–17), 46, 113–116, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

EU-Turkey agreement (2015–16), 277–282

Immigration Act (2014), 46, 113–116, 130, 132–139, 179–183, 185–189

Immigration Act (2016), 46, 113–116, 132–139, 150

Vulnerable Persons’ Resettlement Scheme (2013–17), 46, 113–116, 132–139, 234, 247

public opinion

EU asylum policy, 308–311

immigration, 77–80, 311–329

radical right in, 80–83, 89–90, 146, 180, 345–350

United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), 82, 164, 180, 344, 348

framing of refugee crisis, 204–206

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 25, 44, 102, 113, 125, 142, 156, 164, 289, 292, 365

United States

asylum policy, 68

V4 countries. See Visegrad group (V4) countries

Valls, Manuel, 161

Ventimiglia (border crossing), 104, 108, 261, See also policy episode

Visegrad group (V4) countries, 97, 123, 159, 164–166, 225–227, 254–256, 286, 300, 309–311, 362, See also Central and Eastern Europe; individual counties

von der Leyen, Ursula, 257–258, 294, 372

Vournous, Manolis, 289–291

Vox party, 302

Weber, Manfred, 257–258, 266

Weidel, Alice, 60

Western Balkans, 106, 255

migration from, 70–72

Willkommenskultur (welcome culture), 97, 105, 106, 184

xenophobia, 145, 301

Young Socialists in the SPD (Jusos), 149

Yugoslav wars

refugees, 63, 71–72

Book contents

Index

Summary

Index

Book contents

Index

Summary

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive