Antidepressant response reversed by interferon

A 31-year-old woman with depression lost her previously good response to anti-depressants (paroxetine plus trazodone) when treated with interferon alpha. We suggest this occurred as a result of the anti-serotonergic actions of interferons.

The single woman was referred by her general practitioner in September 1996 with several years' history of melancholic depression. At presentation she satisfied full clinical criteria for non-psychotic major depressive disorder. Her medical history included ongoing problems with complex partial and generalised epileptic seizures, seronegative arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome and migraine. A paternal uncle suffered from schizophrenia but there was no other family history of psychiatric illness. She had been a university student but discontinued her studies as a result of her depression.

At presentation her daily medication included dothiepin 150 mg, carbamazepine 500 mg, lamotrigine 50 mg, mebeverine 405 mg, plus sumatriptan 50 mg and dihydrocodeine-paracetamol as required. Her antidepressant was changed from dothiepin to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine, increased to 50 mg daily, and trazodone 50 mg at night. There followed a dramatic and sustained improvement in her mood and other depressive symptoms.

In June 1997 she was diagnosed as having essential thrombocythaemia with a platelet count of 1400 × 10⁹/l. Although distressed by the diagnosis, no return of her depressive symptoms was seen. Following unsuccessful treatment with dipyridamole, interferon alpha was prescribed by her haematologist. She was given 3 million units, stabilised at three times weekly after her platelet count fell to 700-800 × 10⁹/l. She experienced the usual flu-like symptoms, and after three months noted the recurrence of depression with a similar profile and severity as that seen prior to treatment with paroxetine.

After six months of disabling depression, refractory to paroxetine plus increased doses of trazodone and cognitive therapy, she was admitted to hospital in May 1998. She was reviewed by her haematologist who discontinued interferon as a result of the depression and started hydroxyurea 1000 mg daily. After two weeks this was changed to anagrelide 500 μg twice daily (prescribed on a named-patient basis) together with atenolol 50 mg daily to reduce associated migraines. Her platelet count was around 400 × 10⁹/l. She had 11 bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments, administered twice weekly, and had a good response. At the end of treatment she described her mood as being 90% back to normal. She continued on paroxetine 50 mg daily and trazodone 150 mg at night and has remained psychiatrically well to date.

Interferon alpha is associated with a risk of depression, in some cases requiring discontinuation of treatment (McDonald et al, 1987). Treatment of interferon-induced depression has yet to be evaluated by controlled trials, but case reports have shown the benefits of antidepressants (Goldman, 1994).

A notable feature of this case is that interferon alpha appeared to reverse a preexisting antidepressant response to paroxetine. This may be understood in terms of interferon's capacity to impair serotonin synthesis by inducing enzymes that degrade the serotonin precursor tryptophan (Werner-Felmayer et al, 1989). Previous research has demonstrated that dietary tryptophan depletion can strikingly reverse the antidepressant effect of SSRIs (Delgado et al, 1991).

The clinical improvement seen in the present case following hospitalisation may be related to ECT, interferon discontinuation, or both. Although discontinuation often gradually relieves interferon-induced depression, the rapidity and extent of response in the present case suggests at least some effect of the ECT. In contrast to the SSRIs, the antidepressant response to ECT appears resilient to tryptophan depletion (Cassidy et al, 1997). We therefore suggest that ECT is more likely than SSRIs to be effective in interferon-induced major depression.