Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-12T02:01:31.596Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physiogenesis and Psychogenesis in the ‘Post-Concussional Syndrome’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

W. A. Lishman
W. A. Lishman*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aetiological factors relevant to the development of post-concussional symptoms are reviewed. From the numerous studies carried out to date, it would appear that both physiogenic and psychogenic influences are important in their genesis. However, where mild-to-moderate injuries are concerned, organic factors are chiefly relevant in the earlier stages, whereas long-continued symptoms are perpetuated by secondary neurotic developments, often of a complex nature.

Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 153 , Issue 4 , October 1988 , pp. 460 - 469
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1988 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adler, A. (1945) Mental symptoms following head injury. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 53, 34–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, P., Jeffries, J. J., Blumer, D., Wellner, A. & Walker, A. E. (1969) The post-traumatic syndrome in children In The Late Effects of Head Injury, ch. 14 (eds Walker, A. E., Caveness, W. F. & Critchley, M.). Springfield, Illinois: Thomas.Google Scholar
Brain, W. R. (1942) Discussion on rehabilitation after injuries to the central nervous system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 35, 302–305.Google Scholar
Dencker, S. J. (1958) A follow-up study of 128 closed head injuries in twins using co-twins as controls. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavian (suppl. 123), 1–125.Google Scholar
Dencker, S. J. (1960) Closed head injury in twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2, 569–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewing, R., McCarthy, D., Gronwall, D. & Wrightson, P. (1980) Persisting effects of minor head injury observable during hypoxic stress. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 147–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1942) After Effects of Brain Injuries in War. New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1952) The effect of brain damage on the personality. Psychiatry, 15, 245–260.Google Scholar
Gronwall, D. & Wrightson, P. (1974) Delayed recovery of intellectual function after minor head injury. The Lancet, ii, 605–609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guttmann, E. (1946) Late effects of closed head injuries: psychiatric observations. Journal of Mental Science, 92, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heiskanen, O. & Sipponen, P. (1970) Prognosis of severe brain injury. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 46, 343–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, A., Teasdale, G., Hadley, M. D. M., MacPherson, P. & Rowan, J. O. (1986) Brain lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging. The Lancet ii, 445–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. K. (1974) Assessment of minimal head injuries: indications for in-hospital care. Surgical Neurology, 2, 101–104.Google ScholarPubMed
Kay, D. W. K., Kerr, T. A. & Lassman, L. P. (1971) Brain trauma and the post-concussional syndrome. The Lancet, ii, 1052–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, R. & Smith, B. N. (1981) Post-traumatic syndrome: another myth discredited. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 74, 275–277.Google Scholar
Kerr, T. A., Kay, D. W. K. & Lassman, L. P. (1971) Characteristics of patients, type of accident, and mortality in a consecutive series of head injuries admitted to a neurosurgical unit. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25, 179–185.Google Scholar
Keshavan, M. S., Channabasavanna, S. M. & Reddy, G. N. (1981) Post-traumatic psychiatric disturbances: patterns and predictors of outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 157–160.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. J. (1942) Discussion on differential diagnosis and treatment of post-contusional states. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 35, 607–614.Google Scholar
Lidvall, H. F., Linderoth, B. & Norlin, B. (1974) Causes of the post-concussional syndrome. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Suppl. 56, 1–144.Google Scholar
Lishman, W. A. (1968) Brain damage in relation to psychiatric disability after head injury. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 373–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lishman, W. A. (1973) The psychiatric sequelae of head injury: a review. Psychological Medicine, 3, 304–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lishman, W. A. (1978) Psychiatric sequelae of head injuries: problems in diagnosis. Journal of the Irish Medical Association, 71, 306–314.Google ScholarPubMed
McMillan, T. M. & Glucksman, E. E. (1987) The neuropsychology of moderate head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 50, 393–397.Google Scholar
MacFlynn, G., Montgomery, E. A., Fenton, G. E. & Rutherford, W. (1984) Measurement of reaction time following minor head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 47, 1326–1331.Google Scholar
Miller, H. (1966) Mental after-effects of head injury. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 59, 257–261.Google Scholar
Montgomery, A., Fenton, G. Q. & McClelland, R. J. (1984) Delayed brainstem conduction time in post-concussional syndrome. The Lancet, i, 1011.Google Scholar
Newcombe, F. (1983) The psychological consequences of closed head injury: assessment and rehabilitation. Injury, 14, 111–136.Google Scholar
Noseworthy, J. H., Miller, J., Murray, T. J. & Regan, D. (1981) Auditory brainstem responses in post concussion syndrome. Archives of Neurology, 38, 275–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheim, H. (1889) Die Traumatischen Neurosen. Berlin.Google Scholar
Pilowsky, I. (1985) Cryptotrauma and ‘accident neurosis’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 310–311.Google Scholar
Robinson, R. G., Kubos, K. L., Starr, L. B., Rao, K. & Price, T. R. (1984) Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion. Brain, 107, 81–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowe, M. J. & Carlson, C. (1980) Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in postconcussion dizziness. Archives of Neurology, 37, 679–683.Google Scholar
Ruesch, J. & Bowman, K. M. (1945) Prolonged post-traumatic syndromes following head injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 102, 145–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, W. R. (1932) Cerebral involvement in head injury. Brain, 55, 549–603.Google Scholar
Rutherford, W. H., Merrett, J. D. & McDonald, J. R. (1977) Sequelae of concussion caused by minor head injuries. The Lancet, i, 1–4.Google Scholar
Selzer, M. L., Rogers, J. E. & Kern, S. (1968) Fatal accidents: The role of psychopathology, social stress, and acute disturbances. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1028–1936.Google Scholar
Steadman, J. H. & Graham, J. G. (1970) Head injuries: an analysis and follow-up study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 63, 23–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Symonds, C. P. (1937) Mental disorder following head injury. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 30, 1081–1092.Google Scholar
Tarsh, M. J. & Royston, C. (1985) A follow-up study of accident neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 18–25.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. R. & Bell, T. K. (1966) Slowing of cerebral circulation after concussional head injury. The Lancet, ii, 178–180.Google Scholar
Waddell, P. A. & Gronwall, D. M. A. (1984) Sensitivity to light and sound following minor head injury. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 69, 270–276.Google Scholar
Waller, J. A. (1968) Holiday drinking and highway fatalities. Journal of the American Medical Association, 206, 2693–2697.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, J. R., Lind, M. D., Demuth, R. M., Parker, E. S., Alkana, R. L., Cassell, M. & Black, A. C. (1982) Lesion-induced sprouting in the rate dentate gyrus is inhibited by repeated ethanol administration. Science, 218, 808–810.Google Scholar
Whitlock, F. A., Stoll, J. R. & Rekhdahl, R. J. (1977) Crisis, life events and accidents. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 127–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.