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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 July 2016
A recent comparison of the photoionization models generated by five independent codes run with the same density and stellar radiation shows substantial agreement. Problems are more likely to arise with the defining parameters: the density distribution should be based on observed images, and the ionizing radiation should be from model atmosphere calculations, which, however, are inadequate for stars with winds. Models can be improved by including dust and by incorporating, self-consistently, radiative transfer in optically thick lines. Future work may extend modeling to axially-symmetric objects, to the interface with the hot, shocked, stellar wind, and to the molecular component present around many nebulae.