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Atomic-Powered Communism: Nuclear Culture in the Postwar USSR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Paul R. Josephson
Paul R. Josephson*
Affiliation:
Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology.
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Extract

In 1953, just after Stalin's death, the Soviet state machine tool publishing house released A. A. Kanaev's From the Water Wheel to the Atomic Engine (Ot vodianoi mel'nitsy do atomnogo dvigateli). Like other books and articles published in the popular and scientific press in the USSR in this period, From the Water Wheel to the Atomic Engine explored the political, economic, and cultural significance of an incipient “atomic century” and touted the nearly limitless applications of the power of the atom in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Indeed, there was little doubt among scientists, engineers, economic planners, and party officials that the Soviet Union would soon enter the stage of “communist construction”: communism would be achieved within their lifetimes, owing to the omniscient leadership of the Communist Party and on the basis of the achievements of science and technology. By the end of the decade, the average Soviet citizen, too, came to believe that the glorious future had arrived. Many people wrote letters to prominent physicists with suggestions on how to tame the power of the atom to improve the quality of life. For citizens, scientists, and officials alike, successes in atomic energy provided undeniable confirmation that at long last society had embarked on the final leg of the long journey to communism.

Type
Articles
Information
Slavic Review , Volume 55 , Issue 2 , Summer 1996 , pp. 297 - 324
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1996

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References

I would like to thank Lyde Sizer, Che Ogunyemi, Komozi Woodard, David Castriota, Bob Desjarlais, Sandra Robinson, Susan Solomon, and the anonymous reviewer of this article for their suggestions. I would also like to thank the National Endowment for the Humanities, International Research and Exchanges Board, Fulbright-Hays Research Abroad Program, the National Council for Soviet and East European Research, the Russian Research Center at Harvard University, and the Dibner Institute for supporting research leading to this article.

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35. Arkhiv Akademii Nauk SSSR, f. 596, op. 2, ed. khr. 172–74. See also A. S. Sonin, “Soveshchanie, kotoroe ne sostoialos',” Priroda, March 1990, no. 3: 97–102, as well as Sonin's unpublished manuscript on the same subject.

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48. A KIAE, f. 2, op. 1, ed. khr. 71/8,11. 1–4. Worse still were problems in securing the early release of scientists from service in the Red Army and the special rations for them that delayed the completion of repairs for more than a year.

49. In February 1960, during one of the periodic campaigns in Soviet history against dual employment practices, such leading UFTI physicists as A. I. Akhiezer, A. K. Valter, I. M. Lifshits, and la. B. Feinberg again enlisted Kurchatov's help, this time to get government permission for ten scientists to hold two jobs simultaneously, one at the institute, the other in a higher educational institution, to accelerate training of young Ukrainian scientists for nascent programs in high energy physics and fusion (see A KIAE, f. 2, op. 1, ed. khr. 68/15).

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65. Sakharov, Memoirs, 139.

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