Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T15:34:59.519Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Distribution of English textiles in the Spanish market at the beginning of the 18th century*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2013

Nadia Fernández-De-Pinedo Echevarría  and
Emiliano Fernández-De-Pinedo Fernández
Nadia Fernández-De-Pinedo Echevarría
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Dpto. Análisis Económico: Teoría Ec. e Historia Ec., Facultad de CC.EE. y EE. — Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Telephone: +34 914972688. [email protected]
Emiliano Fernández-De-Pinedo Fernández
Affiliation:
Full Professor, Universidad del País Vasco, Dpto. Historia e Instituciones Económicas, Facultad de CC.EE. y EE, Lehendakari Aguirre, 83, 48015 Bilbao, Spain. Telephone: +34 946013724. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article examines the marketing and distribution of foreign fabric, predominantly English, in the northern sub-plateau of Spain at the beginning of the 18th century using information from a fiscal source. The official tax record used in this study was a specific and special tax levied on cloth imported from countries with which Spain was at war. The details of this tax shed more light on a hotly debated topic with respect to transport and networks in modern Spain and make it possible to analyze and quantify the physical volume as well as the value and the destination of textiles.

Resumen

En este trabajo se analiza la comercialización y distribución de tejidos extranjeros en la sub-meseta norte de España a comienzos del setecientos a través de una fuente fiscal que nos permite matizar ciertos aspectos relacionados con la demanda de textiles. La fuente utilizada en este trabajo es un impuesto que se cobraba sobre los textiles importados en tiempos de guerra y que recoge quien enviaba la mercancía, el receptor de la misma, el transportista, el tipo de tejido, su valor fiscal, la cantidad así como el impuesto extraordinario pagado que iba a la tesorería real. Los resultados de este estudio permiten analizar en profundidad por lo tanto las redes de distribución y el tipo de tejidos ingleses que se demandaban.

Keywords

taxationdistributionenglish textiletrading enterpriseSpain17th centuryN7L81L67R12fiscalidadtejidos inglesestransportearrieríaespañasiglo XVIII
Type
Articles/Artículos
Information
Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History , Volume 31 , Issue 2 , September 2013 , pp. 253 - 284
Copyright
Copyright © Instituto Figuerola de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This work was co-financed by MICINN HAR 2008-04978/His and HAR 2012-35965/His and the Basque Government (Gobierno Vasco/Eusko Jaurlaritza, Grupo de Investigación consolidado IT337-10). A preliminary version was presented at the Pasold Research Fund and Chord Joint Conference (Session: Distribution networks for textiles and dress, c. 1700-1945) at the University of Wolverhampton in September 2010. The authors are grateful to all the participants for their suggestions and comments. They would also like to thank Fernando Esteve, Ernesto López Losa, Santiago López, Patricio Sáiz and Philipp Sykas as well as the referees of this journal. Any errors remaining in the text are our responsibility.

References

PRIMARY SOURCES

Archivo General de Simancas, Simancas, España, Tribunal Superior de Cuentas.Google Scholar

REFERENCES

Adler (2011): «Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism». Organization Science, 12 (2), pp. 215-234.Google Scholar
Andrés, J. I. (2011): «Fiscalidad y precios en Castilla en el Siglo XVII: los precios del vino en Madrid, 1606-1700». Revista de Historia Económica, 2nd Series, 29 (2), pp. 269-298.Google Scholar
Alexander, N.Akehurst, G. (1998): «Introduction: The Emergence of Modern Retailing, 1750-1950». Business History, 40 (4), pp. 1-15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984): The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Baker, T.Gerhold, D. (1993): The Rise and Rise of Road Transport, 1700-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barro, R. J.McClearly, R. M. (2006): «Religion and Economy». Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (2), pp. 49-72.Google Scholar
Beckert, J. (2005): Trust and the Performative Construction of Markets, MPIfG Discussion Paper 05/8. Cologne: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Porath, Y. (1980): «The F-connection: Families, Friends, and Firms and the Organization of Exchange». Population and Development Review, 6 (1), pp. 1-30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bel, G. (2012): Infrastructure and the Political Economy of Nation Building in Spain, 1720–2010. Londres: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bénabou, R.Tirole, J. (2010): «Individual and Corporate Social Responsibility». Economica, 77 (305), pp. 1-19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, C. H. (1994): The Idea of luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilbao L. et Fernández de Pinedo, E. (1994): «Wool exports, transhumance and land use in Castile in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries», in Thompson I. A. A. et Yun Casalilla B. (eds), The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. New Perspectives on the economic and social History of seventeenth century Spain. Cambridge: CUP, pp. 101-114.Google Scholar
Bonney, R. (ed.) (1999): The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c.1200–1815. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botticini, M.Eckstein, Z. (2007): «From Farmers to Merchants, Conversions and Diaspora: Human Capital and Jewish History». Journal of the European Economic Association, 5 (5), pp. 885-926.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braudel, F. (1995): The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. II. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Browden, P. (1962): The Wool Trade in Tudor and Stuart England. London: MacMillan and Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burley, K. H. (1958): «An Essex Clothier of the Eighteenth Century». The Economic History Review, 11, pp. 289-301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canga Argüelles, J. (1968): Diccionario de Hacienda con aplicación a España (1834), vol. II. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales.Google Scholar
Carmona, X. (1990): El atraso industrial de Galicia. Auge y liquidación de las manufacturas textiles (1750-1900). Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
Coleman, D. C. (1969): «An Innovation and its Diffusion: The «New Draperies»». Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 22, pp. 417-429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, J. (1990): Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Cox, J. C. (2004): «How to Identify Trust and Reciprocity». Games and Economic Behavior, 46 (2), pp. 260-281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, N. (2000-2008): The Complete Tradesman: A Study on Retailing, 1550-1820. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Cox, N.Dannehl, K. (2007): Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities 1550-1820. Available at http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=739.Google Scholar
Chartres, J. A. (1995): «Market Integration and Agricultural Output in Seventeenth-, Eighteenth-, and early Nineteenth-Century England». Agricultural History Review, 43 (2), pp. 117-138.Google Scholar
Child, Sir Josiah (1693): An Essay on Wool and Woollen Manufacture for the Improvement of Trade to the Benefit of Landlords, Feeders of Sheeps, Clothiers and Merchants. London: Printed for Henry Bonwicke.Google Scholar
Childs, W. R. (1978): Anglo-Castilian Trade in the Later Middle Ages. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Childs, W. R. (2003): «Commercial Relations between the Basque Provinces and England in the Later Middle Ages, c.1200-1500». Itsas Memoria. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del País Vasco, 4, pp. 55-64.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, P. (2000): «Trust as a Commodity», in Diego Gambetta (ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. New York: Blackwell, pp. 49-72.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, P. (2009): «Trust and Cooperation among Economic Agents». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 364 (1533), pp. 3301-3309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, R. (1954): «English Foreign Trade 1660-1700». Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 7 (2), pp. 150-166.Google Scholar
Denzel, M. A.; De Vries, J.Rössner, P. R. (eds) (2011): Small is Beautiful? Interlopers and Smaller Trading Nations in the Pre-industrial Period: Proceedings of the XVth World Economic History Congress in Utrecht (Netherlands). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Dickson, P. G. M. (1967): The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688–1756. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Duplessis, R. (1997): «One Theory, Two Draperies, Three Provinces, and a Multitude of Fabrics: The New Drapery of French Flanders, Hainaut, and the Tournaisis, c.1500–c.1800», in N. Harte (ed.), The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300–1800. Pasold Studies in Textile History no. 10, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 129-172.Google Scholar
Dyer, C. (1989): «The Consumer and the Market in the Later Middle Ages». The Economic History Review, 42 (3), pp. 305-327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, J.Ogilvie, S. (2012): «Contract enforcement, institutions, and social capital: the Maghribi traders reappraised». The Economic History Review, 65 (2), pp. 421-444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández-de-Pinedo, E. (2004): «Production et consommation de draps de laine en Espagne à travers les droits fiscaux de Bolla (Catalogne) et de Sellaje (Bilbao) au XVIIème siècle», in G. L. Fontana and G. Gayot (eds), Wool: Products and Markets (13th-20th Century). Padova: CLEUP, pp. 464-465.Google Scholar
Fernández-de-Pinedo, N. (2012): «Tax Collection in Spain in the 18th Century: The Case of the «decima»», in J. I. Andrés Ucendo and M. Limberger (eds), Taxation and Debt in the Early Modern City. London: Pickering and Chatto, pp. 101-111.Google Scholar
Fisher, F. J. (1950): «London's Export Trade in the Early Seventeenth Century». The Economic History Review, New Series, 3 (2), pp. 151-161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontaine, L. (1999): «Redes de buhoneros (vendedores ambulantes) y desarrollo del consumo en Europa durante los siglos XVII y XVIII», in J. Torras and B. Yun (eds), Consumo, condiciones de vida y comercialización. Cataluña y Castilla, siglos XVII-XIX. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, pp. 312-321.Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1995): Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Gambetta, D. (ed.) (1988): Trust. Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
García Sanz, Á. (1994): «Competitivos en lanas, pero no en paños: lana para la exportación y lana para los telares nacionales en la España del Antiguo Régimen». Revista de Historia Económica, 12 (2), pp. 397-434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Zuñiga, M. (2013): «Fêtes chômées et temps de travail en Espagne (1250-1900)», in C. Maitte and D. Terrier (eds), Le temps de travail en longue durée. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Girard, A. (1951): Le commerce français à Seville et Cadix au temps des Habsburg. Paris: E. De Boccard.Google Scholar
Grafe, R. (2012): Distant Tyranny. Markets, Power and Backwardness in Spain 1650-1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. (1973): «The Strength of Weak Ties». American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), pp. 1360-1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A. (1993): «Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghribi Traders’ Coalition». American Economic Review, 83 (3), pp. 525-548.Google Scholar
Greif, A. (1994): «Cultural beliefs, and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies». Journal of Political Economy, 102, pp. 912-950.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A. (2004): «Institutions and Impersonal Exchange: The European Experience». Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper, No. 284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greif, A. (2006): «Family Structure, Institutions, and Growth: The Origins and Implications of Western Corporation». American Economic Review, 96 (2), pp. 308-311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiso, L.; Sapienza, P.Zingales, L. (2004): «The Role of Social Capital in Financial Development». American Economic Review, 94 (3), pp. 527-556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiso, L.; Sapienza, P.Zingales, L. (2008): «Trusting the Stock Market». Journal of Finance, 63 (6), pp. 2557-2600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunn, S.; Grummitt, D.Cools, H. (2007): War, State and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, E. J. (1947): War and Prices in Spain, 1651-1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, M. T. (1995): «The Emergence and Consolidation of the «Tax State»: II. The Seventeenth Century», in R. Bonney (ed.), Economic Systems and State Finance. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 281-294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, M. T.; Jonker, J.Van Zanden, J. L. (1997): A Financial History of the Netherlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holderness, B. A. (1997): «The Reception and the Distribution of the New Draperies in England», in N. B. Harte (ed.), The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300-1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 217-243.Google Scholar
Kamen, H. (1975): La guerra de Sucesión en España, 1700-1715. Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
Kennedy, P. (1989): The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Kerridge, E. (1985): Textile Manufacturers in Early Modern England. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, R. (2011): «Commerce and Culture: A Critical Assessment of the Role of Cultural Factors in Commerce and Trade from c.1750 to the Early Twentieth Century», in R. Lee (ed.), Commerce and Cultures. Nineteenth-century Business Elites. Survey: Ashgate, pp. 1-36.Google Scholar
López García, J. M. (2008): «El henchimiento de Madrid. La capital de la monarquía hispánica en los siglos XVII y XVIII». Working Paper. Available at http://www.historiasocial.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/lopez2.pdf.Google Scholar
López García, J. M.Madrazo, S. (1996): «A Capital City in the Feudal Order: Madrid from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century», in P. Clark and B. Lepetit (eds), Capital Cities and their Hinterlands in Early Modern Europe. Aldershot: Scholar Press, pp. 119-142.Google Scholar
López Losa, E. (2013): «The Legacy of E. Hamilton. New Data for the Study of Prices in Spain, 1650-1800». Investigaciones de Historia Económica-Economic History Research, 9 (2), pp. 75-87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madrazo, S. (1981): «Precios del transporte y tráfico de mercancías en la España de finales del Antiguo Régimen». Moneda y Crédito, 159, pp. 39-71.Google Scholar
Madrazo, S. (1984): El sistema de transportes en España 1750-1850. 2 Vols. (Vol. I La Red Viaria and Vol. II El Tráfico y los Servicios). Madrid: Tecnos.Google Scholar
Martin, L. (1997): «The Rise of the New Draperies in Norwich, 1550-1622», in H. Harte (ed.), The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England. Oxford and New York: Pasold Studies, Textile History no. 10, pp. 245-274.Google Scholar
Mauleon, A.; Sempere-Monerris, J.Vannetelbosch, V (2005): «Networks of Manufacturers and Retailers». Discussion Paper UCL 2005-36.Google Scholar
Morineau, M. (1985): Incroyables Gazettes et Fabuleux Métaux. Cambridge and Paris: Cambridge University Press and Maison des Sciences de l′Homme.Google Scholar
Munro, J. (2005): «Spanish Merino Wools and the Nouvelles Draperies: An Industrial Transformation in the Late Medieval Low Countries». Economic History Review, LVIII, 3, pp. 431-484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro, J. (2009): «Three Centuries of Luxury Textile Consumption in the Low Countries and England, 1330–1570: Trends and Comparisons of Real Values of Woollen Broadcloth (Then and Now)», in K. Vestergård Pedersen and M-L. B. Nosch (eds), The Medieval Broadcloth: Changing Trends in Fashions, Manufacturing and Consumption. Ancient Textile Series, vol. 6. Oxford: Oxbow Book, pp. 1-73.Google Scholar
Muset i Pons, A. (1995): «Los arrieros y negociantes de Calaf y Copons y su implantación en el mercado español en el siglo XVIII». Revista de Historia Industrial, 8, pp. 193-208.Google Scholar
Muset i Pons, A. (1997): Catalunya i el mercat espanyol al segle XVIII: els traginers i els negociants de Calaf I Copons. Barcelona: Publicacions de I ‘Abadía de Montserrat.Google Scholar
Nash, R. C. (2005): «The Organization of Trade and Finance in the British Atlantic Economy, 1600-1830», in P. A. Coclanis (ed.), The Atlantic Economy during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 95-151.Google Scholar
Neal, L. (1990): The Rise of Financial Capitalism: International Capital Markets in the Age of Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nee, V. (2003). «New Institutionalism, Economic and Sociological». CSES Working Paper Series, Paper 4.Google Scholar
Nemnich, P. A. (1799): Universal European Dictionary of Merchandise. London: Printed by J. Johnson in St. Pauls Church Yard.Google Scholar
Nieto, J. A. (2006): Artesanos y mercaderes. Una historia social y económica de Madrid (1450-1850). Madrid: Fundamentos.Google Scholar
ORDENANZAS (1737): de la Ilustre Universidad y Casa de Contratación de la M.N. y M. L. Villa de Bilbao,, reprint 1796, cap. XII, no. 2, 3, and 4.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1979): Spain and The Netherlands, 1559-1659: Ten Studies. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Pérez Picazo, Ma T. (ed.) (1996): Els Catalans a Espanya, 1760-1914. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Pettit, Ph. (1995): «The Cunning of Trust». Philosophy & Public Affairs, 24 (3), pp. 202-225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinol, J.-L. (ed.) (2003): Histoire de l'Europe Urbaine, vol I. Paris: Le Seuil.Google Scholar
Prichard Lloyd, M. F. (1950): «The Decline of Norwich». The Economic History Review, 2nd Series, 3, pp. 371-377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priestley, U. (1997): «Norwich stuffs, 1600-1700», in N. B. Harte (ed.), The New Draperies in the Low Countries and England, 1300-1800. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 275-288.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. (1993): Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ramos, F. (2010): Pautas de consumo y Mercado en Castilla 1750-1850. Economía familiar en Palencia al final del Antiguo Régimen. Madrid: Silex Universidad.Google Scholar
Risco, A. (2001): «Mantener una casa. Modelos familiares y economía doméstica hacia 1766», in R. Fernández and J. Soubeyrous (eds), Historia social y literatura. Familia y clases populares en España (siglos XVIII y XIX). Lleida: Ed. Milenio, pp. 37-56.Google Scholar
Ringrose, D. R. (1970): Transportation and Economic Stagnation in Spain, 1750–1850. Durham, NC: Duke University-Press.Google Scholar
Ringrose, D. R. (1972): Los transportes y el estancamiento económico de España (1750-1850). Madrid: Edit. Tecnos.Google Scholar
Ringrose, D. R. (1973): «The Impact of a New Capital City: Madrid, Toledo and New Castile, 1560-1660». Journal of Economic History, 33, pp. 761-791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringrose, D. R. (1983): Madrid and the Spanish Economy, 1560-1850. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Rúa Fernández, C. (2006): «Els Catalans i el mercat madrileny al segle XVIII». Boletín del Institut Universitari d'Historia Jaume Vicens Vives, 6, pp. 18-21.Google Scholar
Salas, N. (1983): «Ramblers, traginers i mulers (siglos XVIII-XIX)». Recerques, 13, pp. 65-81.Google Scholar
Sarasúa, C. (1984): Criados, nodrizas y amos. El servicio doméstico en la formación del mercado de trabajo madrileño, 1758-1868. Madrid: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar
Schneider, J. (1978): «Peacocks and Penguins: The Political Economy of European Cloth and Colors». American Ethnologist, 5 (3), pp. 413-447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, E. B. (1960): English Overseas Trade Statistics 1697-1808. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Smail, J. (1999): Merchants, Markets and Manufacture: the English Wool Textile Industry in the Eighteenth Century. London: Palgrave-MAcMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, W. B. (1969): «The Cloth Exports of the Provincial Ports, 1600-1640». The Economic History Review, New Series, 22 (2), pp. 228-248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sykas, P. A. (2006): «Hot Press Printing of Worsted Cloth: A Precursor of Roller Printing», in M.-S. Corcy, C. Douyère-Demeulenaere, and L. Hilaire-Pérez (eds), Les archives de l'invention: écrits, objets et images de l'activité inventive. Le Mirail: CNRS-Université de Toulouse, pp. 101-112.Google Scholar
Sykas, P. A. (2009): «Identifying Printed Textiles in Dress 1740-1890». Available at http://www.dressandtextilespecialists.org.uk/Print%20Booklet.pdf.Google Scholar
Tabellini, G. (2010): «Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe». Journal of the European Economic Association, 8 (4), pp. 677-716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tainter, J. A. (2000): «Problem Solving: Complexity, History, Sustainability». Population and Environment, 22 (1), pp. 3-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilly, C. (ed.) (1975): The Formation of National States in Western Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Toch, M. (1993): «Hauling Away in Late Medieval Bavaria: The Economics of Inland Transport in an Agrarian Market». Agricultural History Review, 41 (2), pp. 111-123.Google Scholar
Torras, J.Yun, B. (1999): Consumo, condiciones de vida y comercializacion. Cataluna y Castilla (siglos XVII-XIX). Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y Leon.Google Scholar
Torras, J.Yun, B. (2003): «Historia del consumo e historia del crecimiento. El consumo de tejidos en España, 1700-1850». Revista de Historia Económica, XXI, pp. 17-41.Google Scholar
Tracy, J. D. (2002): Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
De Vries, J. (1984): European Urbanization, 1500-1800. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
De Vries, J.Van Der Woude, A. D. (1997): The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverence of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uriol, J. I. (1980): «Los transportes interiores de mercancías en el siglo XVIII y en los primeros años del siglo XIX». Revista de Obras Públicas 127 (3184),, pp. 707-714.Google Scholar
Uriol, J. I. (1992): Historia de los caminos de España. Madrid: Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos Canales y Puertos.Google Scholar
Utanda Moreno, L. (2001-2002): «Comercio y transportes en la comarca madrileña de Las Vegas entre mediados del s. XVIII y comienzos del s. XX». Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica, Tomo CXXXVII — CXXXVIII, pp. 341-351.Google Scholar
Valdaliso, J. M.López, S. (2006): Historia económica de la empresa. Barcelona: Crítica.Google Scholar
Wee, H. Van Der (2002): «The Early Modern Period», in D. Jenkins (ed.), The Cambridge History of Western Textiles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 452-461.Google Scholar
Wilson, C. (1960): «Cloth Production and International Competition in the Seventeenth Century». The Economic History Review, New Series, 13 (2), pp. 209-221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar