Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T17:39:05.244Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nations and Norms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2009

Extract

Nationalism like all political doctrines is at root normative, that is, it makes a claim that matters ought to be arranged in a certain way. The root claim of nationalism is that a nation should be self-governing. This article is concerned with the normative basis of that claim: upon what understanding of value, principle, norm, etc., does it rest? The exercise is thus abstract; it is not a concrete investigation into the causes of nationalism, and it is also less about the substantive doctrine or theory of nationalism than about what might be called its metatheory; finally, the paper does not presume to pronounce on the validity of nationalism as normative doctrine.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Notre Dame 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Cf. Kamenka, E., “Political Nationalism: The Evolution of an Idea” in Nationalism, ed. Kamenka, E. (London, 1976), p. 3.Google Scholar

2 Kedourie, , Nationalism (London, 1961), p. 9Google Scholar. Brougham in 1848 referred to that “new fangled notion of nationalism” (Letter to the Marquis of Lansdowne quoted in Intellectuals and Politics, ed. Kamenka, E. and Smith, F. [London, 1979], p. 100).Google Scholar

3 Ferguson, , Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), ed. Forbes, D. (Edinburgh, 1966), p. 10.Google Scholar

4 Hume, , Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (Oxford, 1963), p. 203.Google Scholar

5 Disc. II, chap. 7, ed. Christian, P. (Paris, 1943), p. 57.Google Scholar

6 Berliner Politisches Wochenblatt quoted in Meinecke, F.Cosmopolitanism and the National State, trans. Kimber, R. (Princeton, 1970), p. 176.Google Scholar

7 Bentham, , Works, ed. Bowring, J. (Edinburgh, 1959), I:171–94Google Scholar. This essay was first published in French by Dumont.

8 Herder, , “Yet Another Philosophy of History” in Herder on Social and Political Culture, ed. and trans. Barnard, F. (Cambridge, 1969), p. 186Google Scholar. Sämmtliche Werke, ed. Suphan, B. (Berlin, 1877), 5:509.Google Scholar

9 The immediate target for Herder's remarks was I. Iselin who stated in an addition to the introduction of his Über die Geschichte der Menschheit (1764) that his leading idea was “the progress of mankind from external simplicity to an ever-higher degree of light and pros perity” (5th ed. [Basel, 1786], p. xxxv)Google Scholar. Herder's reference to “happiness” is a direct allusion to Iselin.

10 Herder, , Reisejournal 1767 in Werke, 4:472.Google Scholar

11 It is true that in his later work Herder endeavors through his concept of Humanität to relate such diversity to a cosmic plan, but he continued to affirm that one culture cannot meaningfully judge another. For his realization that cultures were discrete and thus not to be placed on unilinear path, Cassirer called him “the Copernicus of History” (The Problem of Knowledge, trans. Woglom, W. and Hendel, C. [New Haven, 1950], p. 208Google Scholar) while Meinecke saw him as “perhaps” like Columbus in that he discovered a new world (Historismus) without fully realizing it (Die Entstehung des Historismus, 2nd ed. [Munich, 1946], p. 466Google Scholar; and Dilthey saw Herder's thought as transcending the limits of the eigh teenth century and leading directly to the Romantics and Hegel (Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert und die Geschichtliche Welt in Gesammelte Schriften [Stuttgart, 1959], 3:268Google Scholar). More generally, Lovejoy, A. held that “the substitution of what may be called diversitarianism for uniformitarianism” common to romantic thought “constituted a profound and momentous change in values” (Great Chain of Being [New York, 1960], p. 293–94).Google Scholar

12 Hume, , Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding (1748), ed. Hendel, C. (Indianapolis, 1955), pp. 92, 93.Google Scholar

13 Cf. Condillac, , Essai sur l'origine des connaissances humaines (1746), pt. 2, sect. 1, chap. 1.Google Scholar

14 Fichte, , Addresses to the German Nation, ed. Kelly, G., trans. Jones, R. and Turnbull, G. (New York, 1968), p. 190.Google Scholar

15 Burke, , “First Letter on a Regicide Peace” (1796) in Works (London, 1882), 5:220.Google Scholar

16 Mandelbaum, , History, Man and Reason (Baltimore, 1971), p. 42.Google Scholar

17 Meinecke, , Historismus.Google Scholar

18 Hobbes, , Leviathan (Everyman Library, London, 1959), chap. 30, p. 179.Google Scholar

19 Pocock, , The Machiavellian Moment (Princeton, 1979)Google Scholar. On Harrington in particular see his introduction to Harrington's Political Writings (Cambridge, 1977).Google Scholar

20 The above is gleaned from Burke, 's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) in Works, 2:359, 348, 282, 359, 368, 367.Google Scholar

21 Hume believes that through the operation of custom “antiquity always begets the opinion of right” (“First Principles of Government” [1741] in Essays, p. 30Google Scholar); and government is “sanctified by time” (History of Great Britain: James I and Charles I [1754], ed. Forbes, D. [Harmondsworth, 1970], p. 225Google Scholar). Hume also explicitly enunciates the doctrine of prescription whereby long possession conveys “the title to any object” (Treaties of Human Nature [17391740], ed. Selby-Bigge, L. [Oxford, 1946], p. 508Google Scholar). A point of practical importance for Hume holds that it applies to the Hanoverian succession (“Of the Protestant Succession” [1752] in Essays, p. 498Google Scholar).

22 Burke, , Works, 2:435.Google Scholar

23 Burke, to CaptMercer, , 26 02 1790Google Scholar, Correspondence, ed. Cobban, A. and Smith, R. (Cambridge, 1967), 6:95.Google Scholar

24 Lucas, , “On Edmund Burke's Doctrine of Prescription,” Historical Journal, 9 (1968), 3563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Burke, , “Speech into the State of Representation of the Commons in Parliament” (1782), Works, 6:146–47.Google Scholar

26 Schlegel, , Werke (Kritische-Ausgabe) (Munich, 1964), 6:15.Google Scholar

27 Ibid., 7:141.

28 Fichte, , Addresses, p. 184.Google Scholar

29 Schlegel, , Werkt, 13:145.Google Scholar

30 Savigny, , History of Roman Law, 2nd ed. (Heidelberg, 1834), 1:21.Google Scholar

31 “On the vocation of our age” (1814), trans. Hayward, A. in Reiss, H. in Political Thought of the German Romantics (Oxford, 1955), esp. p. 206.Google Scholar

32 As cited in Kohn, H., Prelude to Nation-States (Princeton, 1967), p. 293.Google Scholar

33 Schlegel, , Werke, 13:144.Google Scholar

34 Sieyes, , What Is the Third Estate? trans. Blondel, M. (London, 1963), p. 58.Google Scholar

35 As cited in Kohn, , Nation-States, p. 92.Google Scholar

36 Eichendorff, , Über die Folgen von der Aufhenbung der Landeshoheit der Bischöfe und der Kloster in DeutschlandGoogle Scholar as quoted in Lougee, R., “German Romanticism and Political Thought,” Review of Politics 21 (1959), 636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

37 Cf. the extract from Die Elemente der Staatskunst (1809)Google Scholar in Reiss, , Political Thought;Google Scholar and Berry, C. J., “From Hume to Hegel: The Case of the Social Contract,” Journal of History of Ideas, 38 (1977), 691703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38 Fichte, , Addresses, p. 48.Google Scholar

39 Cf. Meinecke, , Cosmopolitanism, p. 100ff.Google Scholar

40 Cf. Love, W. D., “Burke's Idea of the Body Corporate,” Review of Politics, 23 (1961), 203229.Google Scholar

41 Cf. inter alia Beck, L. W., Early German Philosophy (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969)Google Scholar, chap. 15; Spitz, L., “Natural Law and the Theory of History in Herder,” Journal of History of Ideas, 16 (1955), 453–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stamm, I., “Herder and the Aufklärung,” Germanic Review, 38 (1963), 197208CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lovejoy, , Great Chain of Being, chap. 9.Google Scholar

42 Herder, , “Ideas for a Philosophy of History”Google Scholar in Barnard, , Herder, p. 324Google Scholar; Werke, 13:384.Google Scholar

43 Cf. Kantorowicz, H., “Volksgeist und Historische Rechtsschule,” Historische Zeitschrift, 108 (1912), 295325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44 Kant, , Critique of Judgment, trans. Barnard, J. (London, 1892), pp. 326, 277.Google Scholar

45 Schlegel, , Werfe, 7:146.Google Scholar