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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
During his lifetime (1858–1932) Graham Wallas's pioneering contributions to the study of politics were widely acknowledged. Thus, his Human Nature in Politics (1908) was rightly acclaimed as a turning point in British and American political science, away from the study of political institutions and toward the study of political behavior. With his later works, notably The Great Society (1914), Our Social Heritage (1921) and The Art of Thought (1926), Wallas's influence spilled over into other fields of social inquiry provoking a chain of serious debates among the pundits of various disciplines. And the term “Great Society,” by which Wallas meant a complex, mechanized industrial society, the monster-child of the Industrial Revolution, became a household phrase in the 1930's among the New Deal liberals in the United States, where, according to historian Samuel Eliot Morison, he had been the most influential English political philosopher since Herbert Spencer.
1 Morison, Samuel Eliot, The Oxford History of the American People (New York, 1965), p. 813Google Scholar.
2 Catlin, G.E.G., Systematic Politics: Elementa Politica et Sociologica (Toronto, 1962), p. 8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
3 Wallas was succeeded to the Chair by Harold J. Laski, Michael Oakeshott and Maurice Cranston.
4 See the eulogies of Wallas, Graham published as “Graham Wallas” in Economica, vol. 12 (11, 1932)Google Scholar, reprinted as Graham Wallas: 1858–1932 (London, 1932)Google Scholar.
5 Wallas, Graham, Human Nature in Politics, 4th ed. (London, 1948), p. 253 (hereafter HNP.)Google Scholar
6 Laski, Harold J., “Lowes Dickinson and Graham Wallas,” Political Quarterly, 3 (1932), 465CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
7 Laski's, eulogy of Wallas in Graham Wallas: 1858–1932, p. 10Google Scholar.
8 Kallen, Horace, “Political Science as Psychology,” American Political Science Review, 17(1923), 194–195; 203CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
9 Quoted in Crick, Bernard, The American Science of Politics: Its Origins and Conditions (Berkeley, 1959), pp. 137–138Google Scholar.
10 Merriam, Charles, “The Significance of Psychology for the Study of Politics,” American Political Science Review, 18 (1924), 473CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
11 Merriam, Charles and Barnes, Harry Elmer, eds., A History of Political Theories: Recent Times — Essays on Contemporary Developments in Political Theory (New York, 1924), p. 19Google Scholar.
12 Sabine, George H., “Political Science and Philosophy,” The Social Sciences and Their Interrelations, eds. Ogburn, and Goldenweiser, (New York, 1927), p. 248Google Scholar.
13 Wallas's preface to the third edition of HNP (1920).
14 Ibid.
15 Rivers, W.H.R., Psychology and Politics and Other Essays, with a prefatory note by Smith, G.E. and an appreciation by C.S. Myers (London, 1923), p. 5Google Scholar.
16 Colby's, F.M. review, Bookman, 30 (1909–1910), 396Google Scholar.
17 Ibid., p. 398.
18 Commager, Henry Steele, The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880's (New Haven, 1950), p. 334Google Scholar. One obvious exception was Lippmann's, own teacher, “the brilliant Graham Wallas …” (p. 332)Google Scholar.
19 Letter to Hastings Rashdall, 16 January 1909. Bodleian Library, Oxford.
20 Preface to the third edition of HNP, 1920, p. 5.
21 Keynes, John Maynard, “My Early Beliefs,” Essays and Sketches in Biography (New York, 1956), p. 251Google Scholar.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., pp. 253–254.
24 Russell, Bertrand, Autobiography (Boston, 1968), vol. 2, 1914–1944, 6 and 36Google Scholar.
25 Catlin, G.E.G., A Study of the Principles of Politics: Being an Essay Towards Political Rationalization (New York, 1930), p. 220Google Scholar.
26 Lerner, Max, Ideas Are Weapons: The History and Uses of Ideas (New York, 1939), p. 316Google Scholar.
27 HNP, p. 18.
28 Ibid., p. 107.
29 Ibid., p. 190.
30 Ibid., p. 191.
31 Lowell, A. Lawrence, Public Opinion and Popular Government (New York, 1913), pp. 58–61Google Scholar.
32 Arthur Bentley, The Process of Government (1908).
33 See Joe McGinnis's insightful analysis of the management of the presidential campaign of Nixon, Richard in his The Selling of the President (New York, 1968)Google Scholar.
34 Lippmann, Walter, Preface to Politics (New York, 1913), pp. 32 and 77Google Scholar.
35 Lasswell, Harold D. and Kaplan, Abraham, Power and Society: A Framework for Political Inquiry (New Haven, 1950), p. 14Google Scholar.
36 HNP, pp. 25–26 and 27.
37 Dangerfield, George, The Strange Death of Liberal England (New York, 1935)Google Scholar.
38 Masterman, C.F.G., In Peril of Change (London, 1905), p. xiiGoogle Scholar.
39 Masterman, C.F.G., The Condition of England (London, 1909), p. 208Google Scholar.
40 See The Literary Guide and Rationalist Review, July 1926, p. 126.
41 Wallas, Graham, The Great Society: A Psychological Analysis (London, 1914, p. 118. (hereafter GS)Google Scholar.
42 HNP, p. 302.
43 GS, p. 62.
44 GS, pp. 18–19.
45 Letter to Wallas, 8 December 1908. Wallas Papers, L.S.E.
46 SirBarker, Ernest, Political Thought in England: 1848–1914 (London, 1959), pp. 204–205Google Scholar.
47 Wallas, Graham, Our Social Heritage (New Haven, 1921), p. 176 (hereafter OSH)Google Scholar.
48 See Wallas's review of L. T. Hobhouse: His Life and Work by Hobson, J.A. and Ginsberg, Morris in The New Statesman and Nation, 25 04 1931, p. 326Google Scholar.
49 Quoted in OSH, p. 159.
50 Ibid., p. 168.
51 See Aristotle's Politics bk. 5, where he drew the important distinction between actual inequality and a perception, or consciousness, of inequality. The latter, not the former, so Aristotle thought, leads to a “sense of injustice,” which in turn leads to stasis, or a seditious atmosphere.
52 OSH, p. 166.
53 Ibid., p. 165.
54 Ibid., p. 167.
55 Ibid., p. 88.
56 HNP, p. 245.
57 Quoted in Pease, Edward R., History of the Fabian Society, 2nd ed. (London, 1925), pp. 277–278Google Scholar.
58 Laski, Harold J., “A Social Pioneer” (review of The Life of Francis Place), The Dial, 68 (05, 1920), 619Google Scholar.
59 Lord Bertrand Russell believed that Place ranked with Human Nature in Politics as Wallas's two greatest works. Letters to me, 17 July 1968.
60 Men and Ideas: Essays by Graham Wallas, ed. Wallas, May, with a preface by Gilbert Murray (London, 1940), pp. 208–209 (hereafter MI)Google Scholar.
61 MI, p. 45.
62 OSH, p. 176.
63 See Robert Louis Stevenson's The Story of a Lie and Emery Neff's Carlyle and Mill: An Introduction to Victorian Thought.
64 MI, p. 34.
65 McBriar, A.M., Fabian Socialism and English Politics: 1884–1918 (London, 1962), p. 121Google Scholar.
66 In the last quarter of the nineteenth century there were two different systems of elementary education, one, “denominational schools” run by churches, mostly Anglican, and the other, those run by elected “school boards” of which the London School Board was by far the largest, the most efficient and the most prestigious. As a general rule, the boardsupported schools were much superior to the “denominational” ones both in facilities and in the quality of teachers, and even though they were required to provide some type of “undenominational” religious teaching under the Cowper-Temple clause of the Education Act of 1870, they could nevertheless boast of themselves as the bastions of secularism in the realm of education. Orginally elected to the London School Board in 1894, Wallas served on the board for 10 years, including the seven years from 1897 to 1904 as chairman of its powerful School Management Committee.
67 Wallas, Graham, “Socialists and the School Boards,” Today, 10, no. 60 (11, 1888), 130Google Scholar.
68 Shortly after the passage of the education act, Beatrice Webb made the following entry in her diary: [Wallas] has a deeply-rooted suspicion that Sidney is playing false with regard to religious education. He wants all religious teaching abolished. As Sidney is not himself a ‘religionist,’ Graham thinks that he too should wish it swept away. Politically, this seems to Sidney impossible, whilst I do not desire it even if it were possible.” (Webb, Beatrice, Our Partnership [New York, 1948], pp. 256–257)Google Scholar.
69 Pease, , Fabian Society, p. 156Google Scholar.
70 Letter to Pease, quoted in May Wallas's letter to me dated 17 February 1972.
71 Havlévy, Élie, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 5 (“Imperialism and the Rise of Labour: 1895–1905, trans. Watkin, E. I. (London, 1929), p. 366Google Scholar.
72 Webb, B., Our Partnership, pp.38–39Google Scholar.
73 Wallas to Shaw, 13 February 1927, G.B.S. Collection, British Museum.
74 Ibid.
75 Editorial “Commentary,” The Criterion, 8, no. 32 (04, 1929), 378–379Google Scholar.
7 Lerner, Max, Ideas, p. 317Google Scholar.
77 GS, pp. 120–121.
78 James, wrote: “I myself see things à la Tarde, perhaps too exclusively.” Letter to Wallas, quoted in GS, p. 121Google Scholar.