Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T17:44:36.523Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Varieties of cooperation: the domestic institutional roots of global governance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2010

Abstract

This article develops a domestic institutional explanation for the growing institutional diversity in global economic governance. Transgovernmental networks linking domestic regulatory agencies have emerged in a number of areas alongside more conventional cooperation based on international organisations and regimes. At the same time, the number and scope of private self-regulatory schemes at the international level has markedly increased. While rich literatures have developed around each of these three governance cluster, less attention has been paid to the critical questions why, where, and when we are most likely to see one type of governance as opposed to another. The article argues that broad observable patterns of global governance result from specific configurations of domestic institutional variables in leading markets against the backdrop of the dynamics of market globalisation. Empirical evidence from case studies of global governance in the fields of securities, Internet domain names, intellectual property, and hedge funds broadly support the argument.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British International Studies Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Martin, Lisa L. and Simmons, Beth A., ‘Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions', International Organization, 52 (1998), pp. 729–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Simmons, Beth A. and Martin, Lisa L., ‘International Organizations and Institutions', in Carlsnaes, Walter, Simmons, Beth A. and Risse, Thomas (eds), Handbook of international relations (London: SAGE, 2002), pp. 192–211Google Scholar .

2 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, A New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004)Google Scholar ; and Newman, Abraham L., ‘Building Transnational Civil Liberties: Transgovernmental Entrepreneurs and the European Data Privacy Directive’, International Organization, 62 (2008), pp. 103130CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

3 See, for example, Haufler, Virginia, A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2001)Google Scholar ; Hall, Rodney Bruce and Biersteker, Thomas J. (eds), The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Mattli, Walter, ‘Public and Private Governance in Setting International Standards’, in Kahler, Miles and Lake, David A. (eds), Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), pp. 199225Google Scholar .

4 Majone, Giandomenico, ‘From the positive to the regulatory state: causes and consequences of changes in the mode of governance’, Journal of Public Policy, 17 (1997), pp. 139167CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

5 The financial crisis of 2008 initially seemed to move the pendulum back in the other direction as governments directly intervened and even (partially) nationalised some banks and other firms. However, in contrast to earlier periods, governments across the developed world seem eager to return nationalised firms to private ownership as soon as possible.

6 Slaughter, A New World Order.

7 Cutler, Claire A., ‘The Privatization of Global Governance and the Modern Law Merchant’, in Héritier, Adrienne (ed.), Common Goods: Reinventing European and International Governance (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), pp. 127157Google Scholar .

8 See Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., ‘Power and Interdependence in the Information Age’, Foreign Affairs, 77 (1998)CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Drezner, Daniel W., All Politics is Global: Explaining International Regulatory Regimes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007)Google Scholar ; and Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, Martha, Rules for the world: international organizations in global politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004)Google Scholar .

9 Koenig-Archibugi defines a very similar starting point for a parallel study. See Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias, ‘Introduction: Institutional Diversity in Global Governance’, in Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias and Zuürn, Michael (eds), New modes of governance in the global system: exploring publicness, delegation and inclusiveness (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 130CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

10 A special issue in the Review of International Political Economy is trying to open precisely this debate. See Farrell, Henry and Newman, Abraham, ‘Making International Markets: Domestic Institutions in International Political Economy,’ Review of International Political Economy, 17:4 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

11 Frieden, Jeffry A. and Martin, Lisa L., ‘International Political Economy: Global and Domestic Interactions', in Katznelson, Ira and Milner, Helen V. (eds), Political Science: State of the Discipline (New York: W.W. Norton, 2002), pp. 118146Google Scholar .

12 Kahler, Miles and Lake, David A., ‘Globalization and Governance’, in Kahler, Miles and Lake, David A. (eds), Governance in a Global Economy: Political Authority in Transition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), pp. 130Google Scholar .

13 Farrell and Newman, ‘Making International Markets’.

14 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977)Google Scholar .

15 Kahler and Lake, ‘Globalization and Governance’.

16 Abbott, Kenneth W., Keohane, Robert O., Moravcsik, Andrew, Slaughter, Anne-Marie and Snidal, Duncan, ‘The Concept of Legalization’, International Organization, 54 (2000), pp. 401419CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Koreme, Barbaranos, Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal, ‘The Rational Design of International Institutions', International Organization, 55 (2001), pp. 761799Google Scholar .

17 An important exception is recent work spearheaded by Koenig-Archibugi and Zürn which includes the extent of participating actors' ‘publicness’ among key dimensions of governance. See Koenig-Archibugi and Zürn, New modes of governance in the global system.

18 Barnett and Finnemore, Rules for the world.

19 Martin and Simmons, ‘Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions'.

20 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, ‘The Real New World Order’, Foreign Affairs, 76 (1997), pp. 183197CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

21 See Holsti, Kal J. and Levy, Thomas Allen, ‘Bilateral Institutions and Transgovernmental Relations between Canada and the US', International Organization, 28 (1974), pp. 875901CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Hopkins, Raymond F., ‘The International Role of “Domestic” Bureaucracy’, International Organization, 30 (1976), pp. 405432CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and contributors to Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. (eds), Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

22 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S., ‘Transgovernmental Relations and International Organizations', World Politics, 27 (1974), pp. 3962CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

23 Zaring, David, ‘International Law by Other Means: The Twilight Existence of International Financial Regulatory Organizations', Texas International Law Journal, 33 (1998), pp. 281330Google Scholar .

24 Kapstein, Ethan B., ‘Resolving the regulator's dilemma: international coordination of banking regulations', International Organization, 43 (1989), pp. 323347CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

25 Raustiala, Kal, ‘The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law’, Virginia Journal of International Law, 43 (2002), pp. 192Google Scholar ; and Marie-Laure Djelic and Thibaut Kleiner, ‘The international competition network: moving towards transnational governance’, in Djelic, Marie-Laure and Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin (eds), Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 287308CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

26 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, ‘The Accountability of Government Networks', Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 8 (2001), pp. 347367Google Scholar .

27 Raustiala, ‘The Architecture of International Cooperation’.

28 Mattli, Walter and Büthe, Tim, ‘Setting International Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?’, World Politics, 56 (2003), pp. 142CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

29 Büthe, Tim and Mattli, Walter, ‘Accountability in Accounting? The Politics of Private Rule-Making in the Public Interest’, Governance, 18 (2005), pp. 399429Google Scholar .

30 Farrell, Henry, ‘Governing Information Flows: States, Private Actors and E-Commerce’, Annual Review of Political Science, 6 (2006)Google Scholar .

31 Haufler, Virgina, ‘Private sector international regimes', in Higgott, Richard A., Underhill, Geoffrey R. D. and Bieler, Andreas (eds), Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System (New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 121137Google Scholar .

32 See, for example, Cutler, Claire A., Haufler, Virgina and Porter, Tony (eds), Private Authority and International Affairs (Albany: SUNY Press, 1999)Google Scholar ; and Hall and Biersteker (eds), The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance.

33 Haufler, ‘Private sector international regimes'.

34 Mattli and Büthe, ‘Setting International Standards'; and Drezner, All Politics is Global.

35 Williamson, Oliver E., The economic institutions of capitalism: firms, markets, relational contracting (New York, London: Free Press, 1985)Google Scholar ; and Gunningham, Neil and Rees, Joseph, ‘Industry Self-Regulation: An Institutionalist Perspective’, Law & Policy, 19 (1997)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

36 Spar, Debora L., Ruling the waves: cycles of discovery, chaos, and wealth from the compass to the Internet (New York: Harcourt, 2001)Google Scholar .

37 See Bendor, Jonathan, Glazer, Amihai and Hammond, Thomas, ‘Theories of Delegation’, Annual Review of Political Science, 4 (2001), pp. 235269CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Pollack, Mark A., ‘Learning from the Americanists (Again): Theory and Method in the Study of Delegation’, West European Politics, 25 (2002), pp. 200219CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

38 See Thatcher, Mark, ‘Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies: Pressures, Functions and Contextual Mediation’, West European Politics, 25 (2002), pp. 125147CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

39 Putnam, Robert D., ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games', International Organization, 42 (1988), pp. 427460CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

40 Milner, Helen V., Interests, institutions, and information: domestic politics and international relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997)Google Scholar .

41 Frieden and Martin, ‘International Political Economy’.

42 See, for example, the contributions to Koenig-Archibugi and Zürn, New modes of governance in the global system.

43 Simmons and Martin, ‘International Organizations and Institutions'.

44 Koremenos, Lipson and Snidal, ‘The Rational Design of International Institutions'. See also Alkuin Kölliker, ‘Governance Arrangements and Public Goods Theory: Explaining Aspects of Publicness, Inclusiveness and Delegation’, in Koenig-Archibugi and Zürn New modes of governance in the global system.

45 Pierson, Paul, ‘The Limits of Design: Explaining Institutional Origins and Change’, Governance, 13 (2000), pp. 475499CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Wendt, Alexander, ‘Driving with the Rearview Mirror: On the Rational Science of Institutional Design’, International Organization, 55 (2001), pp. 10191049CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

46 See Simmons, Beth A., ‘The International Politics of Harmonization: The Case of Capital Market Regulation’, International Organization, 55 (2001), pp. 589620CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

47 Murphy, Dale D., The Structure of Regulatory Competition: Corporations and Public Policies in a Global Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar .

48 Froomkin, A. Michael, ‘The Internet As A Source Of Regulatory Arbitrage’, in Kahin, Brian and Nesson, Charles (eds), Borders in Cyberspace (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997), pp. 129163Google Scholar ; and DeSombre, Elizabeth, Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy: Industry, Environmentalists, and US Power (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000)Google Scholar .

49 Vogel, David, Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995)Google Scholar .

50 Drezner, All Politics is Global.

51 Drezner, All Politics is Global.

52 Bach, David and Newman, Abraham L., ‘The European Regulatory State and Global Public Policy: Micro-Institutions, Macro-Influence’, Journal of European Public Policy, 14 (2007), pp. 827846CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

53 Richards, John E., ‘Toward a Positive Theory of International Institutions: Regulating International Aviation Markets', International Organization, 53 (1999), pp. 137CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

54 Putnam, ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics'.

55 Milner, Interests, institutions, and information.

56 Mattli and Büthe, ‘Setting International Standards'.

57 Garrett, Geoffrey and Lange, Peter, ‘Internationalization, Institutions and Political Change’, in Keohane, Robert O. and Milner, Helen V. (eds), Internationalization and Domestic Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 4875CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

58 Evans, Peter B., Rueschemeyer, Dietrich and Skocpol, Theda (eds), Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

59 See Bach and Newman, ‘The European Regulatory State and Global Public Policy’.

60 See Thatcher, Mark and Sweet, Alec Stone, ‘Theory and Practice of Delegation to Non-Majoritarian Institutions', West European Politics, 25 (2002), pp. 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

61 Spar, Ruling the waves.

62 Singer, David Andrew, ‘Capital Rules: The Domestic Politics of International Regulatory Harmonization’, International Organization, 58 (2004), pp. 531566CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

63 See George, Alexander L., ‘Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison’, in Lauren, Paul Gordon (ed.), Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1979), pp. 4368Google Scholar .

64 Mahoney, James, ‘Strategies of Causal Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis', in Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich (eds), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 337372CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; Peter A. Hall, ‘Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Politics’, in Mahoney and Rueschemeyer (eds), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, pp. 373–404; and George, Alexander L. and Bennett, Andrew, Case Studies and Theory Development (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005)Google Scholar .

65 Munck, Gerardo L., ‘Tools for Qualitative Research’, in Brady, Henry E. and Collier, David (eds), Rethinking Social Inquiry (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), pp. 105121Google Scholar .

66 For a similar approach, see Simmons, ‘The International Politics of Harmonization’.

67 For a parallel argument, see Simmons, ‘The International Politics of Harmonization’.

68 Mann, Michael D., Mari, Joseph G. and Lavdas, George, ‘Developments in International Securities Law Enforcement and Regulation’, The International Lawyer, 29 (1995), pp. 729873Google Scholar .

69 Longstreth, Bevis, ‘The SEC after fifty years: an assessment of its past and future’, Columbia Law Review, 83 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

70 Fedders, John M., Wade, Frederick B., Mann, Michael D. and Beizer, Matthew, ‘Waiver by Conduct – A Possible Response to the Internationalization of Securities Markets’, Journal of Comparative Business and Capital Market Law, 6 (1984), pp. 154Google Scholar .

71 Interview with former US securities regulator.

72 Smith, Richard B., ‘The Saga of the MOUs', New York Law Review (28 April 1988), pp. 56Google Scholar .

73 See, for example, Simmons, ‘The International Politics of Harmonization’.

74 Greene, Edward F., Cohen, Alan B. and Matlack, Linda S., ‘Problems of Enforcement in the Multinational Securities Markets’, Journal of International Business Law, 9 (1987), pp. 325374Google Scholar .

75 David Bach and Abraham Newman, ‘Transgovernmental Cooperation and Domestic Policy Convergence: Evidence from Insider Trading Regulation', International Organization, 64:3 (2010).

76 Financial Times (21 July 1986), p. 16.

77 Zaring, ‘International Law by Other Means'.

78 Financial Times (11 February 1993), p. 29.

79 Interview with former SEC official.

80 International Securities Regulation Report (17 November 1992).

81 Comparing Domain Name Administration in OECD Countries (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2003).

82 The Economist (8 June 2000).

83 See Gerrand, Peter, ‘Cultural diversity in cyberspace: The Catalan campaign to win the new .cat top level domain’, First Monday, 11 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

84 International Herald Tribune (16 November 2005).

85 Spar, Ruling the waves.

86 Postel as quoted in Mueller, Milton L., Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2002)Google Scholar .

87 Mueller, Ruling the Root.

88 William J. Clinton, Presidential Directive on Electronic Commerce: Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (Washington, DC: 1997).

89 See WiredNews (14 March 2002).

90 See Clinton, William J. and Gore, Albert, A Framework For Global Electronic Commerce (Washington, DC: 1997)Google Scholar .

91 openDemocracy (5 July 2001).

92 International Herald Tribune (30 September 2005).

93 Only in 2009 has the US given in to foreign pressure for more shared oversight, though it continued to insist on private sector leadership. See Pfanner, Eric, ‘New Chief Defends US Base for Agency That Manages Web,’ The New York Times (12 July 2009)Google Scholar and ‘US Agrees to Loosen Grip on Net Oversight Agency’, The New York Times (1 October 2009).

94 Koremenos, Lipson and Snidal, ‘The Rational Design of International Institutions'.

95 Sell, Susan K., Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

96 Interview with former US trade official.

97 Merges, Robert P., Menell, Peter S. and Lemley, Mark A., Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age (New York: Aspen Law & Business, 2003)Google Scholar .

98 The New York Times (13 October 1983), p. A1.

99 Braithwaite, John and Drahos, Peter, Global Business Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)Google Scholar .

100 Bello, Judith Hippler and Holmer, Alan F., ‘The Heart of the 1988 Trade Act: A Legislative History of the Amendments to Section 301’, Stanford Journal of International Law, 25 (1988), pp. 144Google Scholar .

101 See Oman, Ralph, ‘Remarks of Mr. Ralph Oman’, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 22 (1989), pp. 379381Google Scholar ; and Ryan, Michael, Knowledge Diplomacy: Global Competition and the Politics of Intellectual Property (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1998)Google Scholar .

102 Sell, Susan K., ‘Structures, agents, and institutions: private corporate power and the globalization of intellectual property rights', in Higgott, Richard A., Underhill, Geoffrey R. D. and Bieler, Andreas (eds), Non-State Actors and Authority in the Global System (New York: Routledge, 2000)Google Scholar .

103 Interviews with former US trade and intellectual property officials.

104 Matthews, Duncan, Globalising Intellectual Property Rights: The TRIPs Agreement (New York: Routledge, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

105 Maskus, Keith E., Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2000)Google Scholar .

106 Doern, G. Bruce, Global Change and Intellectual Property Agencies (New York: Pinter, 1999)Google Scholar .

107 Abbott, Frederick M., ‘TRIPS in Seattle: The Not-So-Surprising Failure and the Future of the TRIPS Agenda’, Berkeley Journal of International Law, 18 (2000), pp. 165179Google Scholar .

108 Abbott, Frederick M., ‘Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometry for the Preservation of Multilateralism’, Journal of International Economic Law, 8 (2005), pp. 77100CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

109 Alexander Ineichen and Kurt Silberstein, ‘AIMA's Roadmap to Hedge Funds’, The Alternative Investment Management Association (AIMA), (November 2008).

110 Financial Times (14 February 2007), p. 11.

111 The New York Times (23 February 2007), p. A1.

112 This discussion draws on Barry J. Eichengreen, ‘Governing Global Financial Markets: International Responses to the Hedge-Fund Problem’, in Kahler and Lake (eds), Governance in a Global Economy, pp. 168–98.

113 For a review, see Thatcher, ‘Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies'.

114 Laurence, Henry, ‘Spawning the SEC’, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 6 (1999), pp. 647683Google Scholar .

115 For empirical evaluations of both arguments in a related context, see Simmons, Beth A. and Elkins, Zachary S., ‘The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy’, American Political Science Review, 98 (2004), pp. 171189CrossRefGoogle Scholar ; and Henisz, Witold J., Zelner, Bennet A. and Guillén, Mauro F., ‘The Worldwide Diffusion of Market-Oriented Infrastructure Reform, 1977–1999’, American Sociological Review, 70 (2005), pp. 871897CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

116 Pierson, ‘The Limits of Design’.

117 Bach, David and Newman, Abraham, ‘Governing Lipitor and Lipstick: Capacity, Sequencing and Power in International Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics Regulation’, Review of International Political Economy, 17:4 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

118 Young, Alasdair R., ‘Political Transfer and “Trading Up”: Transatlantic Trade in Genetically Modified Food and US Politics’, World Politics, 55 (2003), pp. 457484CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

119 Farrell, Henry, ‘Constructing the International Foundations of E-commerce: The EU-US Safe Harbor Arrangement’, International Organization, 57 (2003), pp. 277306CrossRefGoogle Scholar .

120 See Newman, ‘Building Transnational Civil Liberties'; and Bach and Newman, ‘The European Regulatory State and Global Public Policy’.