Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:55:06.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Chapter Seven: Responses, Relief, and Recovery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 June 2020

Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

All damage requires some response. Responses are directed towards the mitigation of further damage once the impact of an event has begun and/or correcting the functional deficits created by the primary and secondary events, and restoring the functionality of the damaged elements to their respective pre-event state. Disaster responses are directed towards search and rescue, relief, recovery, and/or rehabilitation. Responses must be directed at satisfying all or part of defined needs. Implementation of responses must be coordinated through a Coordination and Control Center. Thus, all responses must be driven by clearly stated goals and objectives directed towards specific needs. The Disaster Critical Control Point (DCCP) is the time at which the available supplies balance all of the needs. Selection of appropriate indicators that reflect the severity of the damage and the effectiveness of the response in meeting its goals and objectives and the benefit to society that results is crucial. Use of appropriate indicators eventually will result in the evolution of minimum and optimum standards, and definition of functional and critical thresholds. Evolution of such standards and thresholds will lead to the development of critical pathways (process evaluation) and guidelines to be used in optimizing future responses. All of the steps from preparedness to recovery that are undertaken to minimize the damage and restore the pre-event status are the tasks of disaster management.

Keywords

critical pathwaysdamage, disasterfunctiongoalsimpactindicatorsmanagementobjectivespreparednessrecoveryrehabilitationreliefrescueresponseseveritystandardsthresholds
Type
Conceptual Framework
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 17 , Issue S3: Health Disaster Management: Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the “Utstein Style” , December 2002 , pp. 113 - 127
Copyright
Copyright © World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Thompson, D (ed): The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. 9th ed, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1995, p 1172.Google Scholar
2.Thatcher, VS, McQueen, A (eds): The New Webster Dictionary of the English Language. Chicago: Consolidated Book Publishers, 1971, p 717.Google Scholar
3.Angus, DC, Pretto, EA, Abrams, J, Ceciliano, N, Watoh, Y, Kirimli, B, Certug, A, Comfort, L, et al: Epidemiological assessments of mortality, building collapse pattern, and medical response after the 1992 earthquake in Turkey. Prehosp Disast Med 1997;12(3):222–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Pretto, EA, Ricci, EM, Klain, M, Safar, P, Angus, D, Semenov, MD, Abrams, J, Tisherman, SA, Crippen, D, Comfort, L, et al: Disaster reanimatology potentials: A structured interview study in Armenia. III. Results, conclusions, and recommendations. Prehosp Disast Med 1992;7(4): 327–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Pretto, EA, Angus, DC, Abrams, J, Shen, B, Bissell, R, Castro, VMR, Sawyers, R, Watoh, Y, Ceciliano, N, Ricci, EM, et al: An analysis of prehospital mortality in an earthquake. Prehosp Disast Med 1994;9(2):107–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Johnson, MS: The tale of the tragedy of Neftegorsk. Prehosp Disast Med 1998;13(1):59–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Stratton, SJ, Hastings, VP, Isbdll, D, Celentano, J, Ascarrunz, M, Gunter, CS, Betance, J: The 1994 Northridge earthquake disaster response: The local emergency medical services agency experience. Prehosp Disast Med 1996;11(3):172–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Armenian, HK, Melkonian, A, Noji, EK, Hovanesian, AP: Deaths and injuries due to the earthquake in Armenia: A cohort approach. International Journal of Epidemiology 1997;26(4):806–813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Thompson, Dictionary, p 1161.Google Scholar
10.Gunn, SWA: Multilingual Dictionary of Disaster Medicine and International Relief. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990, pp 66–67.Google Scholar
11. Thompson, Dictionary, p 1062.Google Scholar
12.Lee, FCY, Goh, SH, Wong, HP, Anantharaman, V: Emergency department organisation for disasters: A review of emergency department disaster plans in public hospitals of Singapore. Prehosp Disast Med 2000:15(1):20–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.de Boer, J: An attempt at a more accurate estimation of the number of ambulances needed at disasters in the Netherlands. Prehosp Disast Med 1996;11(2):125–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization: Evaluation of preparedness and response to Hurricanes Georges and Mitch: Conclusions and recommendations. Prehosp Disast Med 1999;14(2):21–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Guill, CK, Shandera, WX: The effects of Hurricane Mitch on a community in northern Honduras. Prehosp Disast Med 2001;16(3):166–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16.Caldera, T, Palma, L, Penayo, U, Kullgren, G: Psychological impact of the hurricane Mitch in Nicaragua in a one-year perspective. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 2001;36(3):108–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Balluz, L, Moll, D, Diaz Martinez, MG, Merida Colindres, JE, Malilay, J: Environmental pesticide exposure in Honduras following Hurricane Mitch. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2001;79(4):288–295.Google ScholarPubMed
18.HH Aga Khan, S: Improving the Disaster Management Capability of the United Nations. United Nations Management and Decision-Making Project UNA-USA, United Nations Association of the United States of America, January 1987.Google Scholar
19.Berckmans, P, Dawans, V, Schmets, G, Vandenbergh, D: Inappropriate drug-donation practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1992–1996. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1842–1845.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Cuny, FC: Introduction to disaster management. Lesson 1: The scope of disaster management. Prehosp Disast Med 1992;7(4):399–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues. Famine, a Manmade Disaster? New York. First Vintage Books Edition, October 1985.Google Scholar
22.Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization: Logistics Guide to Emergency Supply Management. Draft. Washington, DC: PAHO. 2000.Google Scholar
23.Autier, P, Ferir, MC, Hairapetien, A, et al: Drug supply in the aftermath of the 1988 Armenian earthquake. Lancet 1990;335:1388–1390.Google ScholarPubMed
24.Ali, HM, Homieda, MM, Abdeen, MA: “Drug dumping” in donations to Sudan. Lancet 1988;335:538–539. Letter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Cohen, S. Drug donations to Sudan. Lancet 1988;336:745. Letter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26.Offerhaus, L: Russia: Emergency drug aid goes awry. Lancet 1990;336:745.Google Scholar
27.World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Zagreb Area Office: Medical Supplies Donor Guidelines: WHO Humanitarian Assistance for Former Yugoslavia. Version 3.01.09.94. Zagreb, Croatia: World Health Organization, 1994.Google Scholar
28.Daily, AK: Natural Disasters in Latin America: A Road Towards Improvement. Honors Thesis, University of the South. 1999.Google Scholar
29.United Nations Office for Co-ordination of Humanitarian Assistance. OCHA Situation Report No. 5, India earthquake (Guajarat), 31 January 2001. Available at http://stone.cidi.org/in.1a26/ix139.html. Accessed on 11 November 2002.Google Scholar
30. Personal communication with late Sverre Kilde, 1985, former Head of International Department, Norwegian Red Cross.Google Scholar
31.Rubin, M, Heuvelmans, JHA, Tomic-Cica, A, Birnbaum, ML: Healthrelated relief in the former Yugoslavia: Needs, demands, and supplies. Prehosp Disast Med 2000l;15(1):1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Thatcher, VS, McQueen, A (eds): The New Webster Dictionary of the English Language. Chicago: Consolidated Book Publishers, 1971, p 926.Google Scholar
33. Thompson, Dictionary, p 1357.Google Scholar
34.The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Oxford: Oxfam Publishing, 2000, pp 15–66.Google Scholar
35.American Heart Association: ACLS Provider Manual. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association. 2001.Google Scholar
36.De Latorre, F, Nolan, J, Robertson, C, Chamberlain, D, Baskett, P, European Resuscitation Council: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Adult Advanced Life Support. A statement from the Advanced Life Support Working Group (1) and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 2001;48(3):211–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Gunn, SWA: Multilingual Dictionary of Disaster Medicine and International Relief. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990, p 66.Google Scholar
38.Ibid., p 65.Google Scholar