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Tracing ancient evolutionary divergence in parasites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2016

RICHARD C. TINSLEY  and
MATTHEW C. TINSLEY
RICHARD C. TINSLEY*
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
MATTHEW C. TINSLEY
Affiliation:
School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
*
*Corresponding author. School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
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Summary

For parasitic platyhelminths that generally lack a fossil record, there is little information on the pathways of morphological change during evolution. Polystomatid monogeneans are notable for their evolutionary diversification, having originated from ancestors on fish and radiated in parallel with tetrapod vertebrates over more than 425 million years (My). This study focuses on the genus Polystomoides that occurs almost worldwide on freshwater chelonian reptiles. Morphometric data show a major divergence in structural adaptations for attachment; this correlates with a dichotomy in micro-environmental conditions in habitats within the hosts. Species infecting the urinary tract have attachment organs with large hamuli and small suckers; species in the oro-nasal tract differ fundamentally, having small hamuli and large suckers. Zoogeographical and molecular evidence supports ancient separation of these site-specific clades: a new genus is proposed – Uropolystomoides – containing urinary tract species distinct from Polystomoides sensu stricto in oro-nasal sites. Aside from differences in attachment adaptations, body plans have probably changed little over perhaps 150 My. This case contrasts markedly with polystomatids in other vertebrate groups where major morphological changes have evolved over much shorter timescales; the chelonian parasites show highly stable morphology across their global distribution over a long period of evolution, exemplifying ‘living fossils’.

Keywords

MonogeneaPolystomatidaePolystomoidesUropolystomoidesliving fossilssite-specific attachment adaptations
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 143 , Issue 14 , December 2016 , pp. 1902 - 1916
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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