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Hincmar: An Introduction to the Study of the Revolution in the Organization of the Church in the Ninth Century1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 September 2009
Extract
In a consideration of the ninth century we realize that the Frankish world was bound to the old Roman world by more potent ties than those of memory. As we study the so-called superficial continuations of Roman institutions we discover that they are not dead and worthless relics, but living things. They grow even as we examine them. They strike deep roots into the very heart of Frankish institutions.
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- Copyright © American Society for Church History 1896
References
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page 243 note 6 Cf. Ep. ii. of Zephyrinus.
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page 243 note 8 For transactions of this synod and their consequences, in regard to Wulfadus et al., see Epistles of Hincmar to Popes Nicholas and Benedict, Migne, Patrol. S. Lat., T. 126. Cf. Flodoard, , iiiGoogle Scholar., Mansi, , xiv., 977Google Scholar, et seq. See also Du Pin whose realistic but possibly prejudiced account is worth reading (Du Pin, H. E., IX. Cent. ch. 4). The decision of the Synod, after the report of the Council of Thionville and an account of the action of Sergius in the matter had been read, was, that Ebbo had not been properly restored and had no right to ordain. This was additional support to the position of Hincmar. It is surprising that no mention was made at Soissons of the acts of the Council of Bourges, which would have been so much to the point.
page 244 note 1 This paper had already been published by Ebbo in his Apology. Mansi, , xvi., 775Google Scholar; Flodoard, , ii., 26Google Scholar; D'Achery, , viiGoogle Scholar.; Bouquet, , vii., 281.Google Scholar
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page 245 note 1 Mansi, , xiv., 746.Google Scholar
page 245 note 2 The question naturally arises whether, the reasons ascribed to Leo are based on the Pseudo-Isidore. It seems more probable that the true reason for the refusal of Leo to approve the action of the Synod of Soissons (853) was the opposition of the Emperor, and that the reasons in text would seem to have been put into Leo's mouth by Nicholas, and were not advanced by Leo.
page 245 note 3 Benedict III., Pope, Vita. Migne, , Patrol. S. Lat., T. 115Google Scholar. Notitia historica; Epistolœ; Diploma, ibid.Supplementum ad Diplomata, ibid. T. 113.
page 245 note 4 The Pope in his confirmation used a phrase that afterwards caused difficulty and was used against Hincmar by Nicholas I.—“Si ita est ut scriptis,” etc.—the real meaning of which could hardly be more than, “upon such grounds.” Nicholas, however, gave it a strictly conditional turn.
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page 247 note 1 Some authorities for the case of Rothadus: Ep. Nicholas Nos. 28–44, ap. Mansi, , xv.Google Scholar; Ep. Hincmar, Migne, , Patrol. S. Lat., T. 125, 126Google Scholar. Flodoardus, , op. cit. iii., 13Google Scholar. Annales Bertiniani, ad an. 862 et seq. Libellus Rothadus, Mansi, , xv., 681Google Scholar. Consult Fleury, i., cc. 21, 27, 36, 37. Du Pin., H.E., IX. Cent. Baxman, , Die Politik der Päpste, ii., 25Google Scholaret seq. Gfrörer, , Church History, iiiGoogle Scholar., 1001 et seq. Alexander, Natalis, Historia Ecclesiastica; Bingen, 1787, xii., 368Google Scholaret seq. Neander, , Church History, Am. Ed., iii. 358, 361Google Scholar. Gieseler, , op. cit., ii., 109, 127Google Scholar, Am. Ed. Milman, Latin Christianity, bk. v., c. 4. Greenwood, , Cathedra Petri, iii., 252–268Google Scholar. Guizot, , History of Civilization in France, Bohn's edition, iii., 344Google Scholar ff. Von Noorden, , Hinkmar, Erzbischof von Rheims: Bonn, 1863Google Scholar. Langen, Geschichte der römischen Kirchen von Nicholas bis Gregor, vii., 1892.Google Scholar
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page 247 note 3 This was contrary to the Carthaginian Canon. Cf. Hefele, , op. cit., i., p. 413.Google Scholar
page 247 note 4 Back of these accusations was the determination on Hincmar's part to bring his unruly suffragan into obedience. He had already sent him numerous warnings. But the Bishop of Soissons seems to have been too fully imbued with the spirit of the new order of things to obey his metropolitan. Flodoardus mentions a number of warnings which Hincmar had written him. See op. cit. iii., 21.
page 248 note 1 Text of appeal apud Baronius, ad an. 863.
page 248 note 2 It was on this principle that Hincmar took his stand. His position was supported by strong precedents; for example, the case of the Vicariate of Arles, Cf. Gieseler, , op. cit., i., 391Google Scholar. Zosimus, i. Ep. i. ad. Eps. Galliæ.
page 248 note 3 Annal. Bertin, ad an. 861. Episcopale privat communione, etc.
page 248 note 4 Can. 10. Coun., Carthage, A.D. 401. Cf. Phillips, , Kirchenrecht, ii., 276.Google Scholar
page 248 note 5 Ann. Bertin., ad an. 862.
page 249 note 1 Cf. Migne, Dic. des Concil, ii., 850, in Encyl. Théol.; Vita Nic. I. Pap. Anastasius, Bouquet, , vii., 328.Google Scholar
page 249 note 2 This demand conforms to Gaii P. Ep. ad. Felicene, Mansi, , i., 1231Google Scholar; Zephyrini, Ep. ii., Mansi, , i., 732Google Scholar; Stephani I., Ep. ii., Mansi, , i., p. 889.Google Scholar
page 249 note 3 It is an open question whether or not it reached him before the council was held at Soissons, 862.
page 249 note 4 Hincmar went so far as to refuse to read the Pope's letters to the synod or to transmit them to the King.
page 250 note 1 See opinion of Nicholas, Ep. xlii., Mansi, , xv., 639.Google Scholar
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page 250 note 3 Ibid., 864: Natalis. Alexand., xii., 375.Google Scholar
page 251 note 1 Vita Pap. Nic. I. Anast., Bouquet, , vii., 328.Google Scholar
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page 251 note 4 Annal. Bertin., ad an. 862.
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page 252 note 1 Cf. the letters of N. to Rudolf of Bourges (Mansi, , xv., 382 and 389Google Scholar) belonging to the year 864. In the latter he lays down a principle destructive of all rights of metropolitans: “primates enim, vel patriarchas, nihil privilegii habere præ ceteris episcopis,” etc.
page 252 note 2 Note 2, p. 251, ante.
page 252 note 3 First quotation of the Decretals by Nicholas was in 865. Nich. Pap. Epis. ad universos episcopus Galliœ, ad an. 865. Mansi, , xv., 694et seq.Google Scholar
page 253 note 1 Mansi, , xv., 695Google Scholar: “decretales epistolæ Romanorum pontificum sunt recipiendæ etiamsi non sunt canonum codici compaginatæ.”
page 253 note 2 Ep. Nich. I. Pap. ad. Car., Bouquet, , vii., 405.Google Scholar
page 253 note 3 S. C. Vita Nich. I. Pap., Bouquet, , vii., 328Google Scholar. Of this act Hincmar said: “Thus was a criminal solemnly deposed by the unanimous judgment of five provinces of this realm, reinstated by the Pope, not by ordinary canonical rule, but by an extraordinary act of power, in a summary way, without inquiry, and against the consent of his natural judges.”
page 254 note 1 Ep. i., Canon 16: “Nam in sæcularibus legibus, post quam vocatus quis venerit et in foro decertare cœperit, non licet ei ante peractam causam recedere, in ecclesiasticis vero dicta causa recedere licet, si necesse fuerit aut si se prægravari viderit. … si quis autem judicem adversum sibi senserit, vocem appellationis exhibeat, quam nulli oportet negari.”
page 254 note 2 This applicability of the decretals of Pseudo-Isidore to the case of Ebbo has given rise to a strongly sustained hypothesis that Ebbo was the sole or principal collector and fabricator of the Pseudo-Isidore, at least in so far as they concern the trials of bishops. Cf. Noorden, V., Hinkmar, p. 25Google Scholaret seq.
page 254 note 3 It should be noted that the claims of Nicholas and his attempt to reopen the case of Ebbo was unsupported by precedent. The current of law from Sardica down had given competent jurisdiction to local synods. Unless the decree of the synod was appealed from (and this was not the case here), it stood valid against the world. Cf. Greenwood, , op. cit., iii., 272.Google Scholar
page 255 note 1 The epistle of Leo to the bishops of Campania (Ep. v.) provided for the reception of all previous epistles and decretals: “omnia decretalia constituta, tam beatæ recordationis Innocentii quam omnium decessorum nostrorum quæ de ecclesiasticis ordinibus et canonum promulgata sunt disciplinis, ita vestram dilectionem custodire debere mandamus.” As a matter of fact the decretal of Gelasisus, de libris recipiendis, not included in the current legal code, was received. Cf. Credner, , Zur Geschichte des Kanons, 151 ff.Google Scholar
page 255 note 2 Mansi, , xv., 712.Google Scholar
page 256 note 1 Annal. Bertin., ad an. 866.
page 256 note 2 See p. 245, supra.
page 256 note 3 Here, as in the case of Rothadus, and of Hincmar of Laon, was a direct reference to the exceptio spolii of Pseudo-Isidore. The following sentence used by Nicholas is quoted from the Pseudo-Damasius:. “Non enim enermis cum annato vite conflictum mire potuit.” The demand that the clerks should be reinstated before any action began is based upon Ep. Zephr. in Pseudo-Isidore.
page 256 note 4 Mansi, , xv., 738.Google Scholar
page 257 note 1 Ep. Alex.: “Similiter, si hujusmodo personis queddam scriptoræ quoque modo per metum, aut fraudeno, aut vem extortæ fuerunt.” The answer of Hincmar is not a full acceptation of the Pseudo-Isidore. It may, however, be construed as admitting its authenticity.
page 257 note 2 Annal. Bertin., ad an. 867.
page 258 note 1 Annal. Bertin., ad an. 867.
page 258 note 2 Annal. Bertin., ad an. 867.
page 258 note 3 Hincmar had also outflanked his adversaries, for six months before the synod of Troyes he had sent agents to the Pope. These in the disguise of pilgrims had evaded the enemies that beset them and reached Rome. They had gained, the Pope's ear, and the letters mentioned must, at least in part, be ascribed to their influence. Cf. Annal. Bertin., ad an. 867.
page 258 note 4 Mansi, , xv., 355.Google Scholar
page 258 note 5 Nicholas died less than three weeks after the council of Troyes.
page 259 note 1 Adrian II., Pope.—Epistolœ ap., Bouquet, Rec. Hist., Gaules, v. 7. Epistolœ et decreta, Migne, , Patrol. S. Lat., 122 pp. 129–1015Google Scholar. Notitia Historica in Adrianum, II, Migne, Ibid.
page 259 note 2 Migne, , Patrol., T. 126Google Scholar; Hincmari, opuscula et epistolœ quœ spectant, causam Hincmari Laudunensis, Ibid., T. 124. Epistola Hincmari Laudunensis ad Hincmarum Rhememsem; Annal. Bertin., ad an. 868.
page 259 note 3 I will not here go into a study of its detail, reserving that for later publication.
page 260 note 1 This preserved the rights of Rome and overthrew those of Rheims.
page 260 note 2 Cf. Von Noorden, , Hinkmar, p. 268.Google Scholar