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Grotius and the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century*)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

H. Fortuin
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Section B: Notes and Comments
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Netherlands Yearbook of International Law , Volume 1 , December 1970 , pp. 72 - 81
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Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1970

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References

1. See Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, September 1, 1927, and van Vollenhoven, C., Verspreide Geschriften (Collected Papers) Vol. I, Haarlem and The Hague, 1934 p. 475.Google Scholar

2. See Fortuin, H., “Alberico Gentili en Hugo de Groot”, 16 N.T.I.R. (1969) pp. 364–390Google Scholar, especially at 369–371 and 381–383.

3. Hugonis Grotii de lure Praedae Commentarius, Hagae Comitum 1868. p. 359Google Scholar; Hugo, Grotius, Parallelon Rerumpublicarum, Liber III, De moribus ingenioque populorum Atheniensium, Romanorum, Batavorum, edited and translated into Dutch by Meerman, Joh., three volumes, Haarlem, 1801–1802Google Scholar: particularly in vol. 1 caput VI, De fide et perfidia, pp. 70–101; cf. also caput VII, op.cit. pp. 102–114 (Dutch translation pp. 99 143 and 143–162 respectively). See, in this connexion, van Eysinga, W.J.M., “Het oudste bekende geschrift van de Groot over Volkenrecht” (The oldest known writing by Grotius on the Law of Nations), Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen afd. Letterkunde Nieuwe Reeks (Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Section of Literature, New Series) vol. 4, No. 11, Amsterdam 1941Google Scholar; Hugonis Grotii De iure belli ac pacis libri tres, edited by Molhuysen, P.C., Leyden, 1919, p. 752.Google Scholar

4. See Verspreide geschriften vol. 2, pp. 3–139; English translation in Bibliotheca Visseriana vol. 10, Leyden, 1932.Google Scholar

5. Loc.cit., pp. 18–20.

6. Loc.cit., pp. 23–24.

7. Verspreide Geschriften vol. 2 pp. 144–159. Cf. also his War obviated by an international police, The Hague, 1915, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar

8. This cannot be discussed in detail. Whereas even “positivist lawyers” cannot resist the “creation” of new law, it is equally impossible for the “idealistic”, “natural law-minded” lawyer to resist the requirement of a high degree of “recognition” (see Article 38, 1c of the Statute of the International Court of Justice). Cf. Louis, le Fur, “La théorie du droit naturel depuis le XVIIème Siècle et la doctrine moderne”, 18 Hague Recueil (1927-III), pp. 263–441, at p. 297.Google Scholar

9. Struycken, A.A.H.. Verzamelde Werken (Collected Works) vol. 2, Arnhem, 1925, pp. 9–43Google Scholar, in particular p. 17. Van Vollenhoven is supported by DrRafael, Erich, Probleme der internationaler Organisation (Völkerrechtliche Monbgraphien I) Breslau, 1914Google Scholar. On p. 64 he says: “Ein kollektives System … müsste sich zu einer wahrhaft gemeinsamen internationalen Polizei verdichten und ausbilden, um den Interessen der Staatsgesellschaft in vollem Masse gerecht zu werden”. Erich afterwards became Prime Minister of Finland and subsequently Professor of International Law at Helsinki University.

10. van Eysinga, W.J.M., “La Police Internationale”, 5 Zeitschrtft für Völkerrecht und Bundes Staatsrecht (1911)Google Scholar, included in the “Sparsa Collecta” offered to Van Eysinea Levden 1958 pp. 24–31.

11. van Vollenhoven, C., De drie treden van het Volkenrecht, The Hague, 1918, pp. 90Google Scholar; also in Verspreide Geschriften Vol. 2, pp. 412–458. Translation: Les trois phases du droit des gens; The Three Stages in the Evolution of the Law of Nations; Drei Stufen des Völkerrechts; The Hague, 1919.

12. J.H.W. Verzijl, review of V.H. Rutgers' inaugural speech on “Strafbaarstelling van aanvalsoorlog” (Punishability of armed attack), Weekblad van het Recht, February 7, 1929, No. 11924. Cf. also his review of Kosters', J.Les fondements du droit des gens (Bibliotheca Visseriana, Vol. 4, 273 pp.)Google Scholar in Rechtsgeleerd Magazijn, 1926, pp. 120–127, and his highly interesting work International Law in Historical Perspective, Vol. 1, Leyden, 1968, pp. 3–4Google Scholar; cf. also Verzijl's careful appreciation of Grotius' most essential ideas, op. cit. p 442.

13. See Telders, B.M., Stoat en Volkenrecht, Leyden, 1927, p. 20Google Scholar; also included in Verzamelde Geschriften, vol. 1, 1947, p. 189.

14. François, J.P.A., Handboek van het Volkenrecht, vol. 2, Zwolle, 1933, p. 322.Google Scholar

15. François, J.P.A., Grondlijnen van het Volkenrecht, 3rd ed., Zwolle, 1967, p. 653Google Scholar. See also p. 691 (neutrality) and 742–743 (international police).

16. Schücking, W. and Wehberg, H.. Die Satzung des Vöolkerbundes, Berlin, 1921. p. 52Google Scholar. Schücking was a Professor at the Law Faculty of Berlin University and a Member of the Institut de Droit International: in the thirties he was appointed member of the Permanent Court of International Justice before the Nazis had Germany under control.

17. Maurice, Bourquin, “Grotius et les tendances du droit international”, 8 Revue de droit international et de législation comparée (1926, 3me série) pp. 86–125 at p. 94Google Scholar. Bourquin was then a Professor at Brussels University.

18. Louis, le Fur, “La théorie etc.”, 18 Hague Recueil (1927-III) pp. 263–441, at p. 330Google Scholar. Le Fur was a Professor at Paris University. See also The Times Literary, Supplement September 1, 1945.

19. Lauterpacht, H., “The Grotian Tradition in International Law”, 23 B.Y.I.L. (1946) pp. 1–53, at p. 27Google Scholar. See also Brierly, J.L., The Law of Nations, second ed., p. 32Google Scholar: “None the less the survival of Vattel's influence into an age when the principles of legal individualism are no longer adequate to international needs, if they ever were, has been a disaster for international law”.

20. Hugonis Grotii De iure belli ac pacis, an extract by Telders, B.M., The Hague, 1948, p. 195Google Scholar. See review in: Rechtsgeleerd Magazijn Themis 1950 pp. 321–328; cf. also infra footnote 22.

21. Verspreide Geschriften vol. 1 pp. 406–460, at p. 416.

22. Grotiana, edited by the Vereniging voor de Uitgave van Grotius (Association for the Publication of the Writings of Grotius) Vol. 8, 1940, p. 32. In his The framework of Grotius' Book De iure belli ac pacis (1625) (Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks (Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Section of Literature, New Series), Vol. 30 No. 4, Amsterdam, 1932, at p. 174, Van Vollenhoven states the broad lines of Grotius argument, with frequent Latin and English quotations. Here is a scientific analysis of what was merely sketched in outline in The Three Stages. Grotius builds on the basis of rules of law which apply universally, both for individuals and for states, which necessarily implies that infringement of such rules concern the whole of the humana societas and that, consequently, state crimes should be punished just as well as crimes of individuals.

23. Lauterpacht, H.. “The Grotian tradition etc.” 23 B.Y.I.L. (1946) pp. 1–53, at pp. 26, 27 and 52.Google Scholar

24. van Eysinga, W.J.M., “Het oudste bekende geschrift etc.”, see supra n. 3.Google Scholar

25. Leyden, 1945, 48 pp.

26. Haarlem, 131 pp.

27. Med. Kon. Ned. Ak. Wet., Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, vol. 24, No. 1, p. 9Google Scholar. See also van Eysinga, , “De betekenis van de Groot voor het internationale recht”. De Gids, 1945, part 4 pp. 76–92Google Scholar, later included in “Sparsa Collecta”, Leyden, 1958, pp. 358–373Google Scholar; ibid., “Grotius resurgens”, 1 N.T.I.R. (1953–1954) pp. 13–20Google Scholar, later also inserted in “Sparsa Collecta”, pp. 467–474.

28. Fortuin, H., De natunrrechtelijke grondslagen van de Groot's volkenrecht (The Principle of Natural Law in Grotius' De iure belli ac pacis), The Hague, 1946, 264 ppCrossRefGoogle Scholar. Cf. also: id., Hugo de Groot's houding ten opzichte van oorlog en Christendom (Grotius' attitude towards war and Christianity), Amsterdam, 1946, 64 ppGoogle Scholar.; id. “Grotius et la neutralité”, 1 Internationale Studien pp. 425–445Google Scholar; id. “Grotius and Neutrality”, in The New Commonwealth, June 1949, pp. 189–192Google Scholar; id. “Grotius en de neutraliteit”, 1 N.T.I.R. (1953–1954) pp. 121–139Google Scholar: id., “De betekenis van Grotius' natuurrechtelijke plichtenleer voor het heden” (The significance for the present day of Grotius' naturalist doctrine of obligations) in Liber Amicorum François, Leyden, 1959, pp. 103–119.Google Scholar

29. Two volumes, second ed., Zwolle, 1949/1950.

30. 3rd. edition, Zwolle, 1967, pp. 25–33. Cf. also in the index, on “De Groot”.

31. Philippe, Meylan, “Grotius et l'école du droit naturel”, in Hommage à Grotius, Etudes et Documents pour servir a l'histoire de l'Université de Lausanne, 4me fascicule, pp. 43–71Google Scholar. The two other articles are equally interesting: Denis van Berchem (Professor of the Faculty of Arts), “Grotius et l'Université de Leyde”; Henri Meylan (Professor of the Faculty of Theology), “Grotius théologien”. See also Philippe, Meylan, Jean Barbeyrac (1674–1744) et les débuts de l'enseignement du droit dans l'ancienne Académie de Lausanne, 1938, 260 ppGoogle Scholar. Barbeyrac was Professor of Law at Lausanne University, afterwards at Groningen; he edited Grotius' De iure belli ac pacis and provided a French translation of it (1724); cf. Ter Meulen et Diermanse, Bibliographie de Grotius, La Hayc, 1950, p. 283 ffGoogle Scholar. Meylan terminates his book as follows: “Si Barbeyrac et Burlamaqui, avec toute la grande école qu'ils représented dans notre langue ont pu être oubliés dans le triomphe du positivisme, croit-on vraiment qu'ils n'aient rien à nous dire, alors qu'une actualité humiliante et cruelle pose à nos consciences de mêmes problemes que ceux auxquels ils ont répondu dans les termes de leur propre siècle, le problème tout d'abord de l'essence et du fondement du Droit?”

32. Hans, Klee, Hugo Grotius und Johannes Selden, Von den Geistigen Ursprüngen des Kampfes um die Meeresfreiheit, Bern, 1946, 70 pp.Google Scholar

33. op.cit. p. 92–93.

34. Lauterpacht, H., International Law and Human Rights, London, 1950, pp. 4, 6, 11, 94, 98, 114Google Scholar. Cf. also Lauterpacht, The Grotian Tradition, loc.cit. p. 27.

35. Remec, Peter P., The position of the individual in international law according to Grotius and Vattel (with a preface by Quincy Wright), The Hague, 1960, 260 pp., at pp. 239 and 243CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See the review of this book in 8 N.T.I.R. (1961) pp. 367–372.

36. Journal of Public Law, (1952) pp. 117–137 and pp. 370–389. See also The life and legal writings of Hugo Grotius, published by the same author in 1969, University of Oklahoma Press, 206 pp. In this book D. deals as well with other works of Grotius, viz the “Defense of the Law ful government of Holland” (Apologeticus), “Introduction to the Jurisprudence of Holland” (“Inleidinge”) and “Florum Sparsa ad lus Iustineanum”.

37. Rome, 1962, 160 pp. See De iure belli ac pacis, ed. Molhuysen, , p. 7Google Scholar; English translation of the Classics of International Law, 1925 (reprinted New York - London 1964), p. 13. See also the article mentioned in note 2, pp. 384–387.

38. Bruges, 1960, 314 pp.

39. Brussels, 1965.

40. 4th ed., Tübingen, 1963, at pp. 252–310

41. 4th ed., Göttingen 1962, at pp 123–130.

42. Third ed., Munich 1969, pp. 293–320.

43. The following volumes of Grotius' letters have until now been published: Volume One from 1597 to August 17, 1618, edited by P C. Molhuysen, The Hague 1928, Rijksgeschiedkundige Publikatièn No. 64, 659 pp. Volume Two, from August 30, 1618 to December 30, 1625, edited by Molhuysen, The Hague 1936, Rijksgeschiedkundige Publikatien No. 82, 529 pp.Volume Three, 1626–1627-1628, revised by B.L. Meulenbroek et al. The Hague, 1961 Rijksgeschiedkundige Publikatiën No. 105, 525 pp. Volume Four, 1629–1630-1631, ibid. The Hague, 1964, ibid. No. 113, 606 pp. Volume Five, 1632 up to May 1635 inclusive, ibid. The Hague 1966, ibid. No. 119. Volume Six, June 1635 to February 1636 inclusive, ibid. The Hague 1967, ibid. No. 124, 630 pp. Volume Seven, March 1636 to December 1636, ibid., The Hague 1969, ibid. No. 130, 730 pp. Completion of this edition will probably require ten more volumes. Various collections of Grotius' letters have been existing for a long time, see Ter Meulen and Diermanse. Bibliographie des écrits imprimés de Hugo Grotius, The Hague 1950. 708 pp., at pp. 604–638Google Scholar. See also the excellent Epistolae quotquot reperiri potuerunt, Amstelodami 1687, edited by P., and Blaeu, I., 977 ppGoogle Scholar. But this collection only includes letters in Latin and did not offer any comments. To cite a few more collections: de Groot, Willem, Broeders gevangenisse, The Hague 1842, 302 ppGoogle Scholar; Brieven van en aan Maria van Reigersberch, edited by Rogge, H.C., Leyden, 1902, 340 ppGoogle Scholar, and a pocketbook entitled Allerliefste van Hugo de Groot (Hugo Grotius' dearest) including the important study by Robert Fruin and a selection from Maria's correspondence, The Hague 1957, 176 pp.

44. Hugonis Grotii De iure belli ac pacis libri tres, curavit de Kanter-vanHettinga Tromp, B.J.A., Leyden 1939, 917 ppGoogle Scholar. Various articles and lectures by Mrs. de Kanter also contributed to the spreading of Grotius' ideas on the World Community of Man.

45. de Groot, Huigh, Verhandeling over het recht op buit (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty), Dutch translation by Damsté, O., Leyden 1934, 328 pp.Google Scholar

46. De iure preadae commentarius by Hugo Grotius. A translation of the Original Manuscript of 1604, by Williams, Gwladys L, with the collaboration of Walter H. Zeydel, Oxford/London, 1950Google Scholar, reprinted New York/London, 1964, 438 pp.

47. De iure belli ac pacis libri tres by Hugo Grotius 3 books, translation by Francis W. Kelsey with the collaboration of Arthur E.R. Boak, Henry A. Sanders. Jesse S. Reeves and Herbert F. Wright, Oxford/London 1925 Here may be mentioned that in 1955 a Polish translation of the Mare Liberum was published by Remigiusz Bierzanek, who was in 1965 professor of international law at the University of Lodz; a Polish translation of De iure belli ac pacis was published by him in 1957 at Warsaw. In 1968 a Roumanian translation was published by George Dimitriu at Bucharest. For this information I am indebted to Mr. Stuyt Professor of International Law at the University of Nijmegen, and to Miss Belinfante and Dr. Diermanse of the Peace Palace Library.

48. Cf footnote 43. Cf. also Ter, Meulen and Diermanse, , Bibliographie des écrits sur Hueo Grotius imprimés au XVII siècle, The Hague, 1961, 224 pp.Google Scholar

49. Amsterdam 1949, 144 pp.

50. van Eysinga, W.J.M., “De Groot's Jodenreglement” (Grotius' Draft concerning the Regulation on the position of the Jews in Holland), Med. Kon. Ned. Ak. Wet. Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, vol. 13, no. 1. Amsterdam 1950.Google Scholar

51. Leyden, 1952, 399 pp.

52. Feenstra, R., “Een handschrift van de Inleidinge van Hugo de Groot met de Prolegomena juri Hollandico praemittenda”, 35 Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis (1967) pp. 444–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

53. van der Woude, C., Hugo Grotius en zijn “Pietas ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisia vindicata”, Kampen 1961, 41 pp.Google Scholar

54. Verdam, P.J., “Een commentaar van Hugo de Groot op de Lex Romana Buruondionum”, in Verh.Kon.Ned.Ak.Wet., Afd. Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks, Vol. 19, No. 4, Amsterdam 1963 80 pp.Google Scholar

55. 79 Bijdragen en Mededelingen van het Historisch Genootschap (1965), pp. 415–540.Google Scholar

56. Knight, W.S.M., The life and works of Hugo Grotius (The Grotius Society Publications No. 4), London 1925.Google Scholar

57. Brandt, Caspar and van Cattenburgh, Adriaan, Historie van het leven des Heeren Huigh de Groot, Dordrecht and Amsterdam, 1727Google Scholar (until 1635, 456 pp., afterwards till 1645, 454 pp., appendix 74 pp. and an index).