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The enforcement of International Fisheries Agreements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

Albert W. Koers
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Extract

The urgent demand for improvement in food production for a growing world population necessitates, inter alia, a mere intensive exploration and exploitation of the living resources of the oceans. This higher level of exploitation can be realized by an increase in effort and by the development of new techniques for maritime fishing. However, at the same time it has become apparent that the living resources of the oceans are not inexhaustible. In many areas of the seas the dangers of overfishing have been amply demonstrated. This makes effective regulation of maritime fishing operations a matter of increasing urgency.

Type
Section A: Articles
Information
Netherlands Yearbook of International Law , Volume 1 , December 1970 , pp. 1 - 31
Copyright
Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1970

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References

1. See, Art. 1, para. 1, Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958, 516 U.N.T.S. p. 205.

2. See, Art. 2, Convention on the High Seas, 1958, 450 U.N.T.S. p. 111.

3. See, Art. 1, para. 2, Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 1958, 559 U.N.T.S. p. 285.

4. See, e.g. Carroz, J.E. and Roche, A.G., “The International Policing of High Sea Fisheries”, 6 The Canadian Yearbook of International Law (1968) p. 61Google Scholar; for other recent publications in this field, see, e.g., van Lynden, D.W., “The Convention on Conduct of Fishing Operations in the North Atlantic, London 1967”, 14 Netherlands International Law Review (1967) p. 245CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Voelckel, M., “La Convention du ler juin 1967 sur l'exercise de la pêche en Atlantique du Nord”, 23 Annuaire français de droit international (1967) p. 647CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Aglen, A.J., “Problems of enforcement of fisheries regulations”, Proceedings Second Annual Conference, Law of the Sea Institute, 1967, p. 19Google Scholar; Surrency, E.C., “International Inspection in Pelagic Whaling”, 13 International and Comparitive Law Quarterly (1964) p. 666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. See, e.g., para. 2, Crab Agreement, 1965, 541 U.N.T.S. p. 97; Art. I, para. 1, Northwest Pacific Convention, 1956, 53 A.J.I.L. (1959) p. 763; Art. I, para. 1, North Pacific Ocean Convention, 1952, 205 U.N.T.S. p. 65; Art. I, para. 1, Northwest Atlantic Convention 1949, 157 U.N.T.S. p. 157.

6. See, e.g., Art. 13, para. 3, North-East Atlantic Convention, 1959, 486 U.N.T.S. p. 157; Art. VI, para. 1, North Pacific Fur Seals Convention, 1957, 314 U.N.T.S. p. 105; Art. II, para. 2, Halibut Preservation Convention, 1953, 222 U.N.T.S. p.77.

7. See, e.g., preamble, Scheme of Joint Enforcement of the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Commission, May 1968; Art. 8, para. 2, Conduct Convention, 1967, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 760; Art. IX, para. 3, Atlantic Tuna Convention 1966, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 293; Art. 20, para. 2, Rules for Regulation Fisheries, Annex I to U.K. - Norway Fishery Agreement, 1960, 398 U.N.T.S. p. 189.

8. These agreements will be indicated in this study by a slightly abbreviated title.

9. See, e.g., Mediterranean Fisheries Council Agreement, 1949, as revised in 1963, 490 U.N.T.S. p. 444.

10. See, e.g., North-East Atlantic Convention, 1959, 486 U.N.T.S. p. 157; North Pacific Ocean Convention, 1952, 205 U.N.T.S. p. 65; Northwest Atlantic Convention, 1949, 157 U.N.T.S. p.157.

11. See, e.g., Conduct Convention, 1967, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 760.

12. For a more detailed survey, see, Johnston, D.M., The International Law of Fisheries, p. 59et seq. (Yale University Press, 1965).Google Scholar

13. 450 U.N.T.S. p. 82.

14. 377 U.N.T.S. p. 203.

15. 531 U.N.T.S. p. 213.

16. 4 I.L.M. (1965) p. 1128.

17. See, e.g., Art. IX, Atlantic Tuna Convention, 1966, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 293; Art. VIII, Northeast Atlantic Seals Agreement, 1957, 309 U.N.T.S. p. 269; Art. 6, Protection Measures Agreement, 1952, 175 U.N.T.S. p. 205; Art. XII, Northwest Atlantic Convention, 1949, 157 U.N.T.S. p. 157; Art. 11, Meshes Convention, 1946, 231 U.N.T.S. p. 199

18. See, p. 13 infra.

19. See, p. 13 infra.

20. 9 N.R. 2nd ser. p. 556. English translation: U.N. Legislative Series, Laws and Regulations on the Regime of the High Seas, vol. I, p. 179.Google Scholar

21. U.N. Legislative Series, Laws and Regulations on the Regime of the High Seas, vol. I, p. 238Google Scholar

22. 475 U.N.T.S. p. 364.

23. 3 I.L.M. (1964) p. 476.

24. id., p. 473.

25. London June 1, 1967, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 760, hereinafter referred to as Conduct Convention of 1967.

26. See, e.g., Scheme of Joint Enforcement of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Commission, May, 1968; Art. 9 Conduct Convention, 1967, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 760; para. 3, Crab Agreement, 1965, 541 U.N.T.S., p. 97; Art. 20, para. 1, Rules for the Regulation of the Fisheries, Annex I to U.K.-Norway Fisheries Agreement 1960, 398 U.N.T.S. p. 189; Art. V, Shrimp Convention, 1958, 358 U.N.T.S. p. 63; Art. VII, Northwest Pacific Ocean Convention, 1956, 53 A.J.I.L (1959) p. 763; Art. II Halibut Preservation Convention, 1953, 222 U.N.T.S. p. 77; Art. X, para. 1, North Pacific Ocean Convention, 1952, 205 U.N.T.S. p. 65.

27. 161 U.N.T.S. p. 73.

28. 495 U.N.T.S. p. 256.

29. 533 U.N.T.S. p. 31.

30. Id., para. 4.

31. 205 U.N.T.S. p. 65.

32. See, e.g., Canadian Pacific Fur Seals Convention Act, 1957 Can. Stat. c. 31; Art. 2, United States Fur Seal Act of 1968, 16 U.S.C. para. 1182 (Supp. III, 1968).

33. See, e.g., para. 3 and 2, Scheme of Joint Enforcement of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Commission, May, 1968.

34. 310 U.N.T.S. p. 145.

35. See, Appendix VII to the Third Report of the International Whaling Commission, 1951–52.

36. 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 760.

37. Id., at p. 762.

38. See, e.g.. Scheme of Joint Enforcement of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Commission, May 1968; para. 3, Crab Agreement, 1965, 541 U.N.T.S. p. 97; Art. VII, Northwest Pacific Ocean Convention, 1956, 53 A.J.I.L. (1959) p. 763; Art. X, para. 1(a), North Pacific Ocean Convention, 1952, 205 U.N T.S p. 65.

39. 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 763.

40. Para. 4.

41. See, e.g., para. 5, Scheme of Joint Enforcement of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Commission, May, 1968; para. 3, Crab Agreement, 1965, 541 U.N.T.S. p. 97; Art. 23, Rules for Regulation of the Fisheries, Annex I to the U.K.-Norway Agreement, 1960, 398 U.N.T.S. p. 189.

42. Para. 11 and 12.

43. 205 U.N.T.S. p. 65.

44. Id., at p. 92.

45. See, e.g., Art. V, para. 1, Shrimp Convention, 1958, 358 U.N.T.S. p. 63; Art. VI, para. 2 North Pacific Fur Seals Convention, 1957, 314 U.N.T.S. p. 105; Art. VII, para. 2, Northwest Pacific Ocean Convention, 1956, 53 A.J.I.L. (1959) p. 763; Art. II, para. 1, Halibut Preservation Convention, 1953, 222 U.N.T.S. p. 77.

46. 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 762

47. See, e.g., Art. IX, para. 2 and Art. X, North Pacific Ocean Convention, 1952, 205 U.N.T.S. p. 92.

48. 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 763.

49. 205 U.N.T.S. p. 94.

50. 161 U.N.T.S. p. 84.

51. Tenth Report of the Commission, 1958–1959, p. 16.

52. Eleventh Report of the Commission, 1959–1960, p. 20.

53. See, e.g.. Art. VII, para. 3, Northwest Pacific Ocean Convention, 1956, 53 A.J.I.L. (1959) p. 763.

54. Para. 8, Scheme of Joint Enforcement of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting, May, 1968; Art. 9, para. 11, Conduct Convention, 1967, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 760.

55. 314 U.N.T.S. p. 111.

56. See, p. 24 infra.

57. See, e.g., Report of the Commission, number 49, 1968, p. 6 and 7.

58. See, e.g., Art. 6, para. 1(d), North-East Atlantic Convention, 1959, 486 U.N.T.S. p. 157; Art. VIII, para. 1(a), Atlantic Tuna Convention, 1966, 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 293.

59. See, e.g., Annual Report of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, 1967, p. 52.

60. See, e.g., Report of the International Pacific Halibut Commission, number 49, 1968, p. 15.

61. Report of the Fourth Meeting, May, 1966, p. 8.

62. 157 U.N.T.S. p. 157; see also Art. I, para. 2, Tropical Tuna Commission Convention, 1949, 80 U.N.T.S. p. 3; Art. IV, para. f, Northwest Pacific Ocean Convention, 53 A.J.I.L. (1959) p. 763.

63. Report of the Commission, number 33, 1962, p. 12.

64. Annual Report, 1952, p. 21.

65. See, p. 11 supra.

66. Report of the Commission, number 33, 1963, p. 10.

67. Id., at p. 10.

68. Annual Proceedings, 1955–1956, p. 15.

69. 314 U.N.T.S. p. 105.

70. See, p. 12 supra.

71. 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 293.

72. Id., at p. 297.

73. See e.g., Art. 13, para. 2, North East Atlantic Convention, 1959, 486 U.N.T.S. p 157; Art. VI, para. 4, Northwest Pacific Ocean Convention, 1956, 53 A.J.I.L. (1959) p. 763; Art IX, para. 2 and Art. X, para. 2, North Pacific Ocean Convention, 1952, 205 U.N.T.S. p. 65; Art. XII, Northwest Atlantic Convention, 1949, 157 U.N.T.S. p. 157; Art. IX, para. 4, Whaling Convention, 1946, 161 U.N.T.S., p. 73.

74. Eleventh Report of the Commission, 1959–1960, p. 20.

75. Second Report of the Commission, 1950–1951, p. 13.

76. Para. 1(a), Schedule to the Convention, 161 U.N.T.S. p. 90

77. See, e.g., Fifth Report of the Commission, 1953 1954, p. 13.

78. See, e.g., Third Report of the Commission, 1951–1952, p. 17.

79. Third Report of the Commission, 1951–1952, pp. 29–39.

80. Fourth Report of the Commission, 1952–1953, pp. 28–31.

81. See, e.g., Thirteenth Report of the Commission, 1961–1962, p. 22.

82. Para. 15, 161 U.N.T.S. p. 94.

83. Third Report of the Commission, 1951–1952, p. 4.

84. See, e.g., Eighteenth Report of the Commission, 1966–1967, p. 19 and p. 76.

85. See, e.g., Seventeenth Report of the Commission, 1965–1966, p. 19 and p. 23.

86. See, e.g., Thirteenth Report of the Commission, 1961–1962, p. 22.

87. Seventh Report of the Commission, 1955–1956, p. 5 and p. 17.

88. Report of the First Meeting, September, 1963, p. 1.

89. See, e.g., Report of the Sixth Meeting, May, 1968, p. 17.

90. Id., p. 17.

91. Report of the Third Meeting, May, 1965, p. 6.

92. Annual Proceedings, 1957–1958, p. 12.

93. 4 I.L.M. (1965) p. 1128.

94. Art. III, para. d, 205 U.N.T.S. p. 86.

95. Ninth Report of the Commission, 1957–1958, p. 18.

96. See, e.g., Annual Proceedings, 1967–1968, p. 21.

97. Annex A to the Report of the Sixth Meeting, May, 1968.

98. Annual Proceedings, 1961–1962, p. 12.

99. Para. 1 and 2.

100. Para. 3 and 5.

101. Para. 11.

102. Para. 5.

103. Art. IX, para. 2, and Art. X, para. 2, 205 U.N.T.S. pp. 92, 94.

104. Annual Report for 1957, p. 3; id., 1959, p. 3.

105. 486 U.N.T.S. p. 157.

106. Id., p. 172.

107. Trb. 1962, No. 127, p. 2.

108. See, e.g., Report of the Special Meeting, November, 1966, p. 1.

109. See, e.g.. Art. VII, para. h, Agreement concerning Fisheries, 4 I.L.M. (1965) p. 1128; Art. IV, para. c, North-East Atlantic Seals Agreement, 1957, 309 U.N.T.S. p. 269.

110. 6 I.L.M. (1967) p. 293.

111. 161 U.N.T.S. p. 73.

112. 338 U.N.T.S. p. 366.

113. 5 I.L.M. (1966)p. 719.

114. See, p 19 supra.

115. Annual Proceedings, 1962–1963, p. 17.

116. Report of the Second Meeting, May, 1964, p. 5.

117. See, p. 2 supra.

118. Report ot the Third Meeting, May, 1965, pp. 4–5.

119. Report of the Fourth Meeting, May, 1966, pp. 6–7.

120. Report of the Fifth Meeting, May, 1967, p. 79.

121. Id., pp. 23–26.

122. Report of the Sixth Meeting, May, 1968, p. 8.

123. Report of the Seventh Meeting, May, 1969, pp. 16–18.

124. 486 U.N.T.S. p. 168.

125. See, Report of the Sixth Meeting, May, 1968, p. 8.

126. Annual Proceedings, 1967–1968, p. 21.

127. See p 20 supra

128. Seventh Report of the Commission, 1955 1956, p. 12.

129. Id., p. 5 and p. 16.

130. See, e.g.. Tenth Report of the Commission, 1958–1959, p. 6.

131. Eleventh Report of the Commission. 1959–1960, p. 6.

132. Id., p. 7.

133. Thirteenth Report of the Commission. 1961–1962, p. 9.

134. Fourteenth Report of the Commission, 1962–1963, pp. 19–20.

135. Fifteenth Report of the Commission, 1963–1964, p. 20.

136. 3 I.L.M. (1964) p. 107.

137. Fifteenth Report of the Commission, 1963–1964, p. 21.

138. Id., p. 21.

139. Sixteenth Report of the Commission, 1964–1965, p.8.

140. 486 U.N.T.S. p. 263.

141. Seventeenth Report of the Commission, 1965–1966, p. 21.

142. Eighteenth Report of the Commission, 1966–1967, p. 17.

143. Seventeenth Report of the Commission, 1965–1966, p. 22.

144. Nineteenth Report of the Commission, 1967–1968, pp. 20–22.

145. Ibid. p.15.

146. 11 N.R. 2nd ser. p.281.

147. 402 U.N.T.S. p. 71.

148. I.M.C.O. Document LEG/III/W.P. 22, June 14, 1968, p. 3.

149. See. p. 5 supra.

150. See, e.g.. Report of the Sixth Meeting, May, 1968, p. 17.