Adhesion Forces for Mica and Silicon Oxide Surfaces Studied byAtomic Force Spectroscopy (AFS)

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The possibility of analyzing surfaces at the nanoscale provided by atomic force microscopy [1] (AFM) has been explored for various materials, including polymers [2], biological materials [3] and clays [4]. Further uses of AFMs involved nanomanipulation [5] and measurements of interaction forces, where the latter has been referred to as atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) [6]. Measurements of surface-surface interactions at the nanoscale are important because many materials have their properties changed at this range [7]. For samples in air, the interactions with the tip are a superimposition of van der Waals, electrostatic and capillary forces. A number of surface features can now be monitored with AFS, such as adsorption processes and contamination from the environment. Many implications exist for soil sciences and other areas, because quantitative knowledge of particle adhesion is vital for understanding technological processes, including particle aggregation in mineral processing, quality of ceramics and adhesives. In this paper, we employ AFS to measure adhesion (pull-off force) between the AFM tip and two types of substrate. Adhesion maps are used to illustrate sample regions that had been contaminated with organic compounds.