Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T19:41:47.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterization of Satureja khuzestanica Leaf as a Herbal Medicine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2014

Maryam Malmir ,
Rita Serrano ,
Ahmad Reza Gohari  and
Olga Silva
Maryam Malmir
Affiliation:
Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Pharmacological Sciences Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
Rita Serrano
Affiliation:
Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Pharmacological Sciences Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
Ahmad Reza Gohari
Affiliation:
Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16 Azar Avenue, 14155-6451 Tehran, Iran
Olga Silva*
Affiliation:
Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Pharmacological Sciences Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
*
*Corresponding author. [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Dried leaves of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad are a popular herbal medicine and dental anesthetic among the nomadic inhabitants of southwestern Iran. The present study establishes criteria for identification of S. khuzestanica dried whole, fragmented and powdered leaves for specification as a herbal substance using macroscopic and microscopic characterization. Quantitative microscopy techniques were also considered. Macroscopically leaves exhibit a grayish-green color, are broadly ovate in shape with an acute apex, attenuate base, and ciliate margin and have a surface covered by an indumentum of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Microscopically leaves have an isobilateral amphistomatic structure containing peltate glandular trichomes consisting of a multiseriate stalk (five cells) and an enlarged secretory head composed of 12 cells, capitate glandular trichomes of variable morphology together with two types of non-glandular trichomes. Oval-shaped hygromorphic diacytic stomata with an adaxial stomatal index of 13.54, collateral vascular bundles consisting of xylem, and three layers of sclerenchymatous tissue close to phloem together with cluster, prismatic and raphide calcium oxalate crystals were also identified as useful pharmacognostic parameters for identification of S. khuzestanica dried leaves.

Keywords

Satureja khuzestanica leafherbal substancequality controlmacroscopic analysislight microscopyscanning electron microscopy
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 20 , Issue 5 , October 2014 , pp. 1425 - 1435
Copyright
© Microscopy Society of America 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdollahi, M., Salehnia, A., Mortazavi, S.H., Ebrahimi, M., Shafiee, A., Fouladian, F., Keshavarz, K., Sorouri, S., Khorasani, R. & Kazemi, A. (2003). Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihyerlipidemic, reproduction stimulatory properties and safely of essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica in rat in vivo: A toxicopharmacological study. Med Sci Monit 9, 331–335.Google Scholar
Ahmadvand, H., Tavafi, M. & Khalatbary, A.R. (2012). Hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Iran J Pharm 11, 1219–1226.Google ScholarPubMed
Akbarinia, A. & Sefidkon, F. (2009). Identification of essential oil components of Satureja sahendica Bornm. in cultivated condition in Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci 13, 60–63.Google Scholar
Amanlou, M., Dadkhah, F., Salehnia, A. & Farsam, H. (2005). An anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Saturega khuzestanica Jamzad extract. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 8, 102–106.Google Scholar
Basiri, S., Esmaily, H., Vosough-Ghanbari, S., Mohammadirad, A., Yasa, N. & Abdollahi, M. (2007). Improvement by Satureja khuzestanica essential oil of malathion-induced red blood cells acetylcholinesterase inhibition and altered hepatic mitochondrial glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities. Pestic Biochem Physiol 89, 124–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentham, G. (1876). Labiatae. In Genera Plantarum, vol. 2, Bentham, G. & Hooker, J.D. (Eds.), pp. 1160–1223. London: Reeve & Co.Google Scholar
Bosabalidis, A.M. (1990). Glandular trichomes in Satureja thymbra leaves. Ann Bot 65, 71–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briquet, J. (1895–1897). Labiatae. In Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil 4. Abt. 3a, Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.), pp. 183–375. Leipzig: W. Engelmann.Google Scholar
Cantino, P.D. (1990). The phylogenetic significance of stomata and trichomes in the Labiatae and Verbenaceae. J Arnold Arbor 71, 323–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, P.H. (1982). Satureja L. In Flora of Turkey and the Aegean Islands, vol. 7, Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (Eds.), pp. 314–323. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Doroszenko, A. (1985). Taxonomic studies on Satureja complex (Labiatae). PhD Dissertation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University (library copies in US at Missouri Botanical Garden and Ohio University).Google Scholar
Dousti, B., Majd, A., Nezhadsatari, T., Khavarinezhad, R.A. & Salehnia, A. (2009). Glandular trichomes on the vegetative and reproductive organs of Satureja khuzistanica J. morphology, structure, ultrastructure and distribution. J Sci (Islamic Azad University) 18, 31–42.Google Scholar
Dunkić, V., Bezić, N., Ljubešić, N. & Bočina, I. (2007). Glandular hair ultrastructure and essential oils in Satureja subspicata Vis.ssp. subspicata and ssp. liburnica Šilić. Acta Biol Cracov 49, 45–51.Google Scholar
EDQM (2010). European Pharmacopoeia, 7th ed., vol. 1: General Monographs. Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines, Council of Europe.Google Scholar
Fahn, A. (2000). Structure and function of secretory cells. In Advances in Botanical Research. Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology. Plant Trichomes, vol. 31, Hallahon, D.L. & Gray, J.C. (Eds.), pp. 37–75. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Farsam, H., Amanlou, M., Radpour, M.R., Salehinia, A.N. & Shafiee, A. (2004). Composition of the essential oils of wild and cultivated Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad from Iran. Flavour Frag J 19, 308–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghahraman, A. (1989). Flora of Iran. vol. 11. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Langelands.Google Scholar
Ghazanfari, G., Minaie, B., Yasa, N., Nakhai, L.A., Mohammadirad, A., Nikfar, S., Dehghan, G., Boushehri, V.S., Jamshidi, H., Khorasani, R., Salehnia, A. & Abdollahi, M. (2006). Biochemical and histopathological evidences for beneficial effects of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil on the mouse model of inflammatory bowel diseases. Toxicol Mech Methods 16, 365–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gohari, A.R., Hadjiakhoondi, A., Shafiee, A., Sadat-Ebrahimi, S.E. & Mozaffarian, V. (2005). Chemical composition of the essential oils of Satureja atropatana and Satureja mutica growing wildly in Iran. J Essent Oil Res 17, 17–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadian, J., Akramian, M., Heydari, H., Mumivand, H. & Asghari, B. (2012). Composition and in vitro anti- bacterial activity of essential oils from four Satureja species growing in Iran. Nat Prod Res 26, 98 –108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadian, J., Mirjalilian, M.H., Kananib, M.R., Salehnia, A. & Ganjipoor, P. (2011). Phytochemical and morphological characterization of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad populations from Iran. Chem Biodivers J 8, 902–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hashemi, M.B., Niakousari, M., Saharkhiz, M.J. & Eskandari, M.H. (2012). Effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil on oxidative stability of sunflower oil during accelerated storage. Nat Prod Res 26, 1458 –1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heywood, V.H. & Richardson, I.B.K. (1972). Labiatae. In Flora Europaea, vol. 3, Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (Eds.), pp. 126–192. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jamzad, Z. (1992). Two new species from Labiatae in Iran. Iran J Bot 5, 69–74.Google Scholar
Jamzad, Z. (1994). A new species of the genus Satureja (Labiatae) from Iran. Iran J Bot 6, 215–218.Google Scholar
Jamzad, Z. (1996). Satureja rechingeri (Labiatae), a new species from Iran. Ann Naturhist Mus Wien 98B(Suppl), 75–77.Google Scholar
Jamzad, Z. (2009). New species and new plant records of Lamiaceae from Iran. Iran J Bot 15, 51–56.Google Scholar
Jamzad, Z. (2010). A new species of Satureja (Lamiaceae) from Iran. Iran J Bot 16, 213–217.Google Scholar
Kaeidi, A., Esmaeili-Mahani, S., Abbasnejad, M., Sheibani, V., Rasoulian, B., Hajializadeh, Z. & Pasban-Aliabadi, H. (2013). Satureja khuzestanica attenuates apoptosis in hyperglycemic PC12 cells and spinal cord of diabetic rats. J Nat Med 67, 61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahraman, A., Celep, F. & Dogan, M. (2010). Anatomy, trichome morphology and palynology of Salvia chrysophylla Stapf (Lamiaceae). S Afr J Bot 76, 187–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasyani Aval, M., Tabaei-Aghdaei, S.R., Sefidkon, F., Jafari, A.A. & Eftekhari, S.A. (2012). Study the morphology and essential oil content in two Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad populations under Tehran climatic condition. Ann Biol Res 3, 975–978.Google Scholar
Kheirandish, F., Delfan, B., Farhadi, S., Ezatpour, B., Khamesipour, A., Kazemi, B., Ebrahimzade, F. & Rashidipour, M. (2011). The effect of Satureja khuzestanica essential oil on the lesions induced by Leishmania major in BALB/c mice. Afr J Pharm Pharmaco 5, 648–653.Google Scholar
Lee, H.W. & Hedge, I.C. (1994). Lamiaceae. In Flora of China, vol. 17, Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.), pp. 50–299. Beijing: Science Press & St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden.Google Scholar
Marin, M., Ascensao, L. & Marin, P.D. (2012). Microscopic investigation of trichomes of wild-growing Satureja montana L. Arch Biol Sci 64, 1599–1605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marin, M., Jasnić, N., Lakušić, D., Duletić-Laušević, S. & Ascensao, L. (2010). The micromorphological, histochemical and confocal analysis of Satureja subspicata Bartl.ex Vis. glandular trichomes. Arch Biol Sci 62, 1143–1149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moalem, E., Pirbalouti, A.G. & Naanaie, S.Y. (2011). Micro-morphology of fruit and pollen in Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. J Herbal Drugs (Islamic Azad University) 2, 193–201.Google Scholar
Motaharinia, Y., Hazhir, M.S., Rezaee, M.A., Vahedi, S., Rashidi, A., Hosseini, W., Hakhamaneshi, M.S. & Rahmani, M.R. (2012). Comparison of in vitro antimicrobial effect of ethanol extracts of Satureja khuzestanica, Rhus coriaria, and Ocimum basilicum L. on Helicobacter pylori. J Med Plants Res 6, 3749–3753.Google Scholar
Nazari, A., Delfan, B., Shirkhani, Y., Kiyanei, A.A. & Mandegary, A. (2005). Effect of decoction of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad on blood coagulation time, triglyceride and glucose levels in rats. Pak J Biol Sci 8, 790–792.Google Scholar
Rastegarpanah, M., Omidzohour, N., Vahedi, H., Malekzadeh, R., Hashemian, F., Safarnavadeh, T. & Abdollahi, M. (2011). Management of human ulcerative colitis by SaturexTM: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Pharmacol 7, 516–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rechinger, K.H. (1982). Labiatae. In Flora Iranica, no. 150, Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.), pp. 532–551. Graz: Academische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.Google Scholar
Redžić, S., Tuka, M. & Pajević, A. (2006). Research into microscopic structure and essential oils of endemic medicinal plant species Satureja Subspicata Bartl. Ex Vis. (Lamiaceae). Bosn J Basic Med Sci 6, 25–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezvanfar, M.A., Farshid, A.A., Sadrkhanlou, R.A., Ahmadi, A., Rezvanfar, M.A., Salehnia, A. & Abdollahi, M. (2010). Benefit of Satureja khuzestanica in subchronically rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Exp Toxicol Pathol 62, 323–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rezvanfar, M.A., Sadrkhanlou, R.A., Ahmadi, A., Shojaei-Sadee, H., Rezvanfar, M.A., Mohammadirad, A., Salehnia, A. & Abdollahi, M. (2008). Protection of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in reproductive tract histology, sperm characteristics, and DNA damage by an herbal source; evidence for role of free-radical toxic stress. Hum Exp Toxicol 27, 901–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rustaiyan, A., Feizbakhsh, A., Masoudi, S. & Ameri, N. (2004). Comparison of the volatile oils of Satureja atropatana Bung. and Satureja mutica Fisch. et C.A. Mey. from Iran. J Essent Oil Res 16, 594–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryding, O. (2010). Crystals in calyces of Lamiaceae and their phylogenetic and adaptive significance. Plant Syst Evol 290, 201–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saadat, M., Pournourmohammadi, S., Donyavi, M., Khorasani, R., Amin, G., Salehnia, A. & Abdollahi, M. (2004). Alteration of rat hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities by Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 7, 310–314.Google Scholar
Sadeghi-Nejad, B., Saki, J., Khademvatan, S. & Nanaei, S. (2011). In vitro antileishmanial activity of the medicinal plant – Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad. J Med Plants Res 5, 5912–5915.Google Scholar
Sadeghi-Nejad, B., Shiravi, F., Ghanbari, S., Alinejad, M. & Zarrin, M. (2010). Antifungal activity of Satureja khuzestanica (Jamzad) leaves extracts. Jundishapur J Microbiol 3, 36–40.Google Scholar
Saei-Dehkordi, S., Fallah, A.A., Heidari-Nasirabadi, M. & Moradi, M. (2012). Chemical composition, antioxidative capacity and interactive antimicrobial potency of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil and antimicrobial agents against selected food-related microorganisms. Int J Food Sci Tech 47, 1579–1585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satil, F., Akcelik, A., Tumen, G. & Baser, K.H.C. (2002). Comparative morphological, anatomical, ecological and chemical studies on endemic Satureja parnassica subsp. sipylea from Turkey. Acta Bot Croat 61, 207–220.Google Scholar
Satil, F., Dirmenci, T. & Tumen, G. (2003). Morphological, anatomical and chorologic studies on Satureja coerulea Janka. Yuzuncuyil Universitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8, 47–55.Google Scholar
Satil, F. & Kaya, A. (2007). Leaf anatomy and hairs of Turkish Satureja L. (lamiaceae). Acta Biol Cracov 49, 67–76.Google Scholar
Sefidkon, F. & Ahmadi, S.h. (2000). Essential oil of Satureja khhuzistanica Jamzad. J Essent Oil Res 12, 427–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seghatoleslami, S., Samadi, N., Salehnia, A. & Azimi, S.h. (2009). Antibacterial activity of endemic Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil against oral pathogens. Iran Endod J 4, 5–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Shahab, A., Haghighati, F., Baeeri, M., Jamalifar, H. & Abdollahi, M. (2011). A clinical, microbiological and immunological comparison between subgingival irrigation with DentolTM and chlorhexidine in advanced periodontitis. Arch Med Sci 7, 154–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahsavari, R., Ehsani-Zonouz, A., Houshmand, M., Salehnia, A., Ahangari, G. & Firoozrai, M. (2009). Plasma glucose lowering effect of the wild Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad essential oil in diabetic rats: Role of decreased gluconeogenesis. Pak J Biol Sci 12, 140–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shishkin, B.K. (1954). Labiatae. In Flora of the USSR, vol. 21. Moscow-Leningrad: Botanical Institute of the Academy of Science of the USSR.Google Scholar
Tavafi, M., Ahmadvand, H., Tamjidipoor, A., Delfan, B. & Khalatbari, A.R. (2011). Satureja khozestanica essential oil ameliorates progression of diabetic nephropathy in uninephrectomized diabetic rats. Tissue Cell 43, 45–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Upton, R., Graff, A., Jolliffe, G., Laenger, R. & Williamson, E. (Eds.) (2011). American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy – Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines. Boca Raton: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia/CRC Press.Google Scholar
Vosough-Ghanbari, S., Rahimi, R., Kharabaf, S., Zeinali, S., Mohammadirad, A., Amini, S., Yasa, N., Salehnia, A., Toliat, T., Nikfar, S., Larijani, B. & Abdollahi, M. (2008). Effects of Satureja khuzestanica on serum glucose, lipids and markers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 7, 465–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willmer, C. & Fricker, M. (1996). The distribution of stomata. In Stomata, Willmer, C. & Fricker, M. (Eds.), pp. 18–19. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarrin, M., Amirrajab, N. & Sadeghi-Nejad, B. (2010). In vitro antifungal activity of Satureja Khuzestanica Jamzad against Cryptococcus neoformans. Pak J Med Sci 26, 880–882.Google Scholar
Zibaei, M., Sarlak, A., Delfan, B., Ezatpour, B. & Azargoon, A. (2012). Scolicidal effects of Olea europaea and Satureja khuzestanica extracts on protoscolices of hydatid cysts. Korean J Parasitol 50, 53–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed