Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T02:37:10.419Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Transnational Legal Process and Discourse in Environmental Governance: The Case of REDD+ in Tanzania

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2019

Sébastien Jodoin
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Governments in developing countries have adopted policies, laws, and programs to reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), with the funding and rules provided by global institutions and transnational actors. The transnational legal process for REDD+, entailing the construction and diffusion of legal norms that govern the pursuit of REDD+, has been driven by discursive struggles over the purposes and requirements of REDD+. At the global level, the development of legal norms for REDD+ has been primarily influenced by coalitions committed to the discourses of ecological modernization, civic environmentalism, and to a lesser extent, climate justice. Through discourse analysis of the transnational legal process for REDD+ in Tanzania, I show how domestic efforts to operationalize REDD+ have been dominated by a government coalition that has emphasized green governmentality, made few concessions to the discourse of civic environmentalism, and completely neglected the climate justice claims of Indigenous Peoples. This case study reveals how discourse analysis may enhance the study of transnational legal phenomena by drawing attention to the complex interplay of global and domestic discourses and its role in shaping legal norms and reinforcing or challenging structures of power and knowledge within and across legal systems.

Type
Articles
Information
Law & Social Inquiry , Volume 44 , Issue 4 , November 2019 , pp. 1019 - 1050
Copyright
© 2019 American Bar Foundation 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Accra Caucus. “Civil Society Concerned that REDD Deal Will Not Stop the Forests from Falling.” Accra Caucus Press Release, December 17, 2009 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Allan, Jen Iris, and Hadden, Jennifer. “Exploring the Framing Power of NGOs in Global Climate Politics.” Environmental Politics 26, no. 4 (2017): 600–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelsen, Arild. “Realising REDD+. National Strategy and Policy Options.” Bogor, Indonesia, 2009.Google Scholar
van Asselt, Harro, and McDermott, Constance L.. “The Institutional Complex for REDD: A ‘Benevolent Jigsaw’?” In Research Handbook on REDD+ and International Law, edited by Voigt, Christina, 63–88. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016.Google Scholar
Bäckstrand, Karin, and Lövbrand, Eva. “Planting Trees to Mitigate Climate Change: Contested Discourses of Ecological Modernization, Green Governmentality and Civic Environmentalism.” Global Environmental Politics 6, no. 1 (2006): 50–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäckstrand, Karin, and Lövbrand, Eva. “The Road to Paris: Contending Climate Governance Discourses in the Post-Copenhagen Era.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 18 (2016): 1–19.Google Scholar
Bastakoti, Rishi R., and Davidsen, Conny. “Framing REDD+ at National Level: Actors and Discourse around Nepal’s Policy Debate.” Forests 8, no. 3 (2017): 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
den Besten, Jan Willem, Arts, Bas, and Verkooijen, Patrick. “The Evolution of REDD+: An Analysis of Discursive-Institutional Dynamics.” Environmental Science & Policy 35 (2014): 40–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomley, Tom, Edwards, Karen, Kingazi, Stephano, Lukumbuzya, Kahana, Mäkelä, Merja, and Lauri, Vesa. “When Community Forestry Meets REDD+: Has REDD+ Helped Address Implementation Barriers to Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania?” Journal of Eastern African Studies 11, no. 3 (2017): 549–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodansky, Daniel. “Climate Change. Transnational Legal Order or Disorder?” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence and Shaffer, Gregory, 287–308. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, William. “Ways of Seeing in Environmental Law: How Deforestation Became an Object of Climate Governance.” Ecology Law Quarterly 37, no. 3 (2010): 843–916.Google Scholar
Brockhaus, Maria, and Gregorio, Monica Di. “National REDD+ Policy Networks: From Cooperation to Conflict.” Ecology and Society 19, no. 4 (2014): 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockhaus, Maria, Di Gregorio, Monica, and Mardiah, Sofi. “Governing the Design of National REDD+: An Analysis of the Power of Agency.” Forest Policy and Economics 49 (2013): 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brockington, Dan. “Forests, Community Conservation, and Local Government Performance: The Village Forest Reserves of Tanzania.” Society & Natural Resources 20 (2017): 835–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, Neil D., Bahane, Bruno, Clairs, Tim, and Danielsen, Finn. “Getting Ready for REDD+ in Tanzania: A Case Study of Progress and Challenges.” Oryx 44, no. 3 (2010): 339–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campese, Jessica. “Integrating REDD+ Social and Environmental Safeguards and Standards in Tanzania,” TFCG Technical Report 32, July 2011 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Cerbu, Gillian A., Swallow, Brent M., and Thompson, Dara Y.. “Locating REDD: A Global Survey and Analysis of REDD Readiness and Demonstration Activities.” Environmental Science & Policy 14, no. 2 (2011): 168–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chagas, Thiago, Costenbader, John, Streck, Charlotte, and Roe, Stephanie. “Reference Levels: Concepts, Functions, and Application in REDD+ and Forest Carbon Standards.” Washington, DC, 2013.Google Scholar
Corbera, Esteve, and Schroeder, Heike. “Governing and Implementing REDD+.” Environmental Science & Policy 14, no. 2 (2011): 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotterrell, Roger. “Spectres of Transnationalism : Changing Terrains of Sociology of Law.” Journal of Law & Society 36, no. 4 (2009): 481–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dehm, Julia. “Indigenous Peoples and REDD+ Safeguards: Rights as Resistance or as Disciplinary Inclusion in the Green Economy?” Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 7, no. 2 (2016): 170–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devries, Ben, and Herold, Martin. “The Science of Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV).” In Law, Tropical Forests and Carbon: The Case of REDD+, edited by Lyster, Rosemary, MacKenzie, Catherine, and Mcdermott, Constance, 151–83. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G.. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Dooley, Kate, Griffiths, Tom, Martone, Francesco, and Ozinga, Saskia. Smoke and Mirrors: A Critical Assessment of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. FERN and Forest Peoples Programme, 2011, http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2011/03/smokeandmirrorsinternet.pdf.Google Scholar
Fincke, Annelie. “Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change/REDD: An Overview of Current Discussions and Main Issues.” IUCN Briefing Document, 2010, https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/12738.Google Scholar
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF). “Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. Information Memorandum.” June, 18 2008 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Gillespie, John. “Towards a Discursive Analysis of Legal Transfers into Developing East Asia.” International Law and Politics 40, no. 3 (2008): 657–722.Google Scholar
Goldbach, Toby S., Brake, Benjamin, and Katzenstein, Peter J.. “The Movement of U.S. Criminal and Administrative Law: Processes of Transplanting and Translating.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20, no. 1 (2013): 141–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, Mara. “Partitioned Nature, Privileged Knowledge: Community-Based Conservation in Tanzania.” Development and Change 34, no. 5 (2003): 833–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, Aarti, Lövbrand, Eva, Turnhout, Esther, and Vijge, Marjanneke J.. “In Pursuit of Carbon Accountability: The Politics of REDD+ Measuring, Reporting and Verification Systems.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4 (October 2012): 726–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, Aarti, Pistorius, Till, and Vijge, Marjanneke J.. “Managing Fragmentation in Global Environmental Governance: The REDD+ Partnership as Bridge Organization.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 16, no. 3 (2016): 355–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hajer, Maarten. The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Hajer, Maarten, and Versteeg, Wytske. “A Decade of Discourse Analysis of Environmental Politics: Achievements, Challenges, Perspectives.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 7, no. 3 (2005): 175–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Carruthers, Bruce. Bankrupt: Global Lawmaking and Systemic Financial Crisis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Osinsky, Pavel. “Globalization of Law.” Annual Review of Sociology 32, no. 1 (2006): 447–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Shaffer, Gregory. “Transnational Legal Orders.” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence and Shaffer, Gregory, 3–74. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halliday, Terence, and Shaffer, Gregory. “Researching Transnational Legal Orders.” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence and Shaffer, Gregory, 475–528. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015b.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helfer, Laurence R. “Pharmaceutical Patents and the Human Right to Health: The Contested Evolution of the Transnational Legal Order on Access to Medicines.” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence and Shaffer, Gregory, 311–39. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, Sally. “Law as Discourse.” History and Anthropology 1, no. 2 (1985): 239–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, Andrew. “State Forestry and Spatial Scale in the Development Discourses of Post-Colonial Tanzania: 1961-1971.” Geographical Journal 169, no. 4 (2003): 358–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA). Preparing for the REDD Initiative in Tanzania: A Synthesised Consultative Report, November 2009 (on file with author).Google Scholar
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). “Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues: The United Republic of Tanzania.” 2012, www.ifad.org/english/indigenous/pub/documents/tnotes/tanzania.pdf.Google Scholar
Jodoin, Sébastien. Forest Preservation in a Changing Climate: REDD+ and Indigenous and Community Rights in Indonesia and Tanzania. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jodoin, Sébastien, and Mason-Case, Sarah. “What Difference Does CBDR Make? A Socio-Legal Analysis of the Role of Differentiation in the Transnational Legal Process for REDD+.” Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 2 (2016): 255–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashwan, Prakash. “Forest Policy, Institutions, and REDD+ in India, Tanzania, and Mexico.” Global Environmental Politics 15, no. 3 (2015): 95–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Minzee, and Boyle, Elizabeth Heger. “Neoliberalism, Transnational Education Norms, and Education Spending in the Developing World, 1983-2004.” Law & Social Inquiry 37, no. 2 (2012): 367–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koh, Harold Hongju. “Transnational Legal Process.” Nebraska Law Review 75, no. 1 (1996): 181–208.Google Scholar
Krook, M. L., and True, J.. “Rethinking the Life Cycles of International Norms: The United Nations and the Global Promotion of Gender Equality.” European Journal of International Relations 18, no. 1 (2010): 103–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laltaika, Elifuraha. “Pastoralists’ Right to Land and Natural Resources in Tanzania.” Oregon Review of International Law 15 (2013): 43–62.Google Scholar
Larrazábal, Alejandra, McCall, Michael K., Mwampamba, Tuyeni H., and Skutsch, Margaret. “The Role of Community Carbon Monitoring for REDD+: A Review of Experiences.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, no. 6 (November 2012): 707–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Viña, Antonio G.M., de Leon, Alaya, and Barrer, Reginald Rex. “History and Future of REDD+ in the UNFCCC: Issues and Challenges.” In Research Handbook on REDD+ and International Law, edited by Voigt, Christina, 11–29. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2015.Google Scholar
Lloyd, Paulette, and Simmons, Beth. “Framing for a New Transnational Legal Order: The Case of Human Trafficking.” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence and Shaffer, Gregory, 400–38. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, Stephanie, Roberts, Ellen, and Dehm, Julia. “Climate Justice inside and outside the UNFCCC: The Example of REDD.” Journal of Australian Political Economy 66 (2010): 223–46.Google Scholar
Lyster, Rosemary, MacKenzie, Catherine, and McDermott, Constance L.. Law, Tropical Forests and Carbon: The Case of REDD+. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbwambo, Lawrence. The Distribution of Powers and Responsibilities Affecting Forests, Land Use, and REDD+ across Levels and Sectors in Tanzania: A Legal Study. CIFOR Occasional Paper 147, 2015, http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-147.pdf.Google Scholar
McDermott, Constance L., Coad, Lauren, Helfgott, Ariella, and Schroeder, Heike. “Operationalizing Social Safeguards in REDD+: Actors, Interests and Ideas.” Environmental Science and Policy 21 (2012): 63–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, Constance L., and Ituarte-Lima, Claudia. “Safeguarding What and for Whom? The Role of Institutional Fit in Shaping REDD+ in Mexico.” Ecology and Society 21, no. 1 (2016).Google Scholar
McGregor, Andrew, Challies, Edward, Howson, Peter, Astuti, Rini, Dixon, Rowan, Haalboom, Bethany, Gavin, Michael, Tacconi, Luca, and Afiff, Suraya. “Beyond Carbon, More than Forest? REDD+ Governmentality in Indonesia.” Environment and Planning A 47 (2015): 138–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meidinger, Errol. “Beyond Westphalia. Competitive Legalization in Emerging Transnational Regulatory Systems.” In Law and Legalization in Transnational Relations, edited by Brüutsch, Christian and Lehmkuhl, Dirk, 121–43. Oxford, UK: Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. “Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle.” American Anthropologist 108, no. 1 (2006): 38–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minang, Peter Akong, Van Noordwijk, Meine, Duguma, Lalisa A., Do, Trong Hoan, Bernard, Florence, Agung, Putra, Robiglio, Valentina, Delia Catacutan, Suyanto Suyanto, Angel Armas, Claudia Silva Aguad, Mireille Feudjio, Gamma Galudra, Retno Maryani, Douglas White, Atiek Widayati, Elizabeth Kahurani, Sara Namirembe, and Beria Leimona. “REDD+ Readiness Progress across Countries: Time for Reconsideration.” Climate Policy 14, no. 6 (2014): 685–708.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MJUMITA and Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG). “A One-Step Guide to Making the National REDD Strategy More Pro-Poor.” Policy Brief, 2011 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Mustalahti, Irmeli. “REDD+ and Empowered Deliberative Democracy: Learning from Tanzania.” World Development 59 (2014): 199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, Fred, and Blomley, Tom. “Peasants’ Forests and the King’s Game? Institutional Divergence and Convergence in Tanzania’s Forestry and Wildlife Sectors.” In Community Rights, Conservation and Contested Land: The Politics of Natural Resource Governance in Africa, edited by Nelson, Fred, 79. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar
Nelson, Fred, Gardner, Benjamin, Igoe, Jim, and Williams, Andrew. “Community-Based Conservation and Maasai Livelihoods in Tanzania.” In Staying Maasai? Livelihoods, Conservation and Development in East African Rangelands, edited by Homewood, Katherine, Kristjanson, Patti, and Trench, Pippa Chenevix, 299. New York, NY: Springer, 2009.Google Scholar
Neumann, Roderick. “Local Challenges to Global Agendas: Conservation, Economic Liberalization and the Pastoralists’ Rights Movement in Tanzania.” Antipode 27, no. 4 (1995): 363–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, Tobias Dan. “The Role of Discourses in Governing Forests to Combat Climate Change.” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 14, no. 3 (2013): 1–16.Google Scholar
Nordeco and Acacia. National REDD Policy Project in Tanzania, End-of-Project Review, Final Report, February 25, 2014 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Pistorius, Till. “From RED to REDD+: The Evolution of a Forest-Based Mitigation Approach for Developing Countries.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4, no. 6 (2012): 638–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajah, Jothie. “‘Rule of Law’ as Transnational Legal Order.” In Transnational Legal Orders, edited by Halliday, Terence and Shaffer, Gregory, 340–73. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rantala, Salla, and Gregorio, Monica Di. “Multistakeholder Environmental Governance in Action: REDD+ Discourse Coalitions in Tanzania.” Ecology and Society 19, no. 2 (2014): 66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rantala, Salla, Kontinen, Tiina, Korhonen-Kurki, Kaisa, and Mustalahti, Irmeli. “Equity in REDD+: Varying Logics in Tanzania.” Environmental Policy and Governance 25, no. 3 (2015): 201–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Recio, María. “The Warsaw Framework and the Future of REDD+.” Yearbook of International Environmental Law 24, no. 1 (2014): 37–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Recio, María. “Transnational REDD+ Rule Making: The Regulatory Landscape for REDD+ Implementation in Latin America.” Transnational Environmental Law 7, no. 2 (2018): 277–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roe, Stephanie, Charlotte, Streck, Pritchard, Luke, and Costenbader, John. “Safeguards in REDD+ and Forest Carbon Standards: A Review of Social, Environmental and Procedural Concepts and Application.” Washington, DC, 2013.Google Scholar
Rutherford, Stephanie. “Green Governmentality: Insights and Opportunities in the Study of Nature’s Rule.” Progress in Human Geography 31, no. 3 (2007): 291–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savaresi, Annalisa. “The Human Rights Dimension of REDD.” Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 21, no. 2 (2012): 102–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheba, Andreas, and Mustalahti, Irmeli. “Rethinking ‘Expert’ Knowledge in Community Forest Management in Tanzania.” Forest Policy and Economics 60 (2015): 7–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheba, Andreas, and Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy. “Territorialising REDD+: Conflicts over Market-Based Forest Conservation in Lindi, Tanzania.” Land Use Policy 57 (2016): 625–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, Vivien A. “Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse.” Annual Review of Political Science 11, no. 1 (2008): 303–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaffer, Gregory. “Transnational Legal Process and State Change.” Law & Social Inquiry 37, no. 2 (2012): 229–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streck, Charlotte, and Costenbader, John. “Standards for Results-Based REDD+ Finance.” Washington, DC: Climate Focus, 2012.Google Scholar
REDD+ Safeguards Working Group. “What We Do.” 2014, http://reddplussafeguards.com?page_id=103.Google Scholar
REDD+ SES. “REDD+ Social & Environmental Standards” Version 2, September 10, 2012, http://www.redd-standards.org.Google Scholar
Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG). “Feedback on the Tanzania National REDD Strategy, Prepared by the REDD Pilot Projects.” 2011 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) et al. “Recommendations from Civil Society Organisations for Tanzania’s 2nd Draft National REDD+ Strategy and Draft Action Plan.” 2012 (on file with author).Google Scholar
Tehan, Maureen, Godden, Lee, Young, Margaret A., and Gover, Kirsty. The Impact of Climate Change Mitigation on Indigenous and Forest Communities International, National and Local Law Perspectives on REDD+. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twining, William. “Diffusion of Law: A Global Perspective.” Journal of Legal Pluralism & Unofficial Law 36, no. 49 (2004): 1–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNFCCC COP. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Thirteenth Session, Held in Bali from December 3 to 15 2007.” 2008.Google Scholar
UNFCCC COP. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Sixteenth Session, Held in Cancun from November 29 to December 10, 2010.” 2011.Google Scholar
UNFCCC COP. “Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Nineteenth Session, Held in Warsaw from 11 to 23 November 2013.” 2014.Google Scholar
UNFCCC Secretariat, Key Decisions Relevant for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+) 2016, https://unfccc.int/files/land_use_and_climate_change/redd/application/pdf/compilation_redd_decision_booklet_v1.2.pdf.Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Draft National Strategy for the Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), December 2010 (on file with author).Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). National Strategy for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Second Draft, June 2012 (on file with author).Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). National Strategy for Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), March 2013 (on file with author).Google Scholar
United Republic of Tanzania (URT) Vice-President’s Office, Tanzania REDD+ Social and Environmental Standards, June 2013 (on file with author).Google Scholar
UN-REDD Programme. “The UN-REDD Programme Strategy. 2011–2015.” 2012, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/environment-energy/climate_change/the_un-redd_programmestrategy-2011-2015.html.Google Scholar
Vijge, Marjanneke J. “Competing Discourses on REDD+: Global Debates versus the First Indian REDD+ Project.” Forest Policy and Economics 56 (2015): 38–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vijge, Marjanneke J., Brockhaus, Maria, Gregorio, Monica Di, and Muharrom, Efrian. “Framing National REDD+ Benefits, Monitoring, Governance and Finance: A Comparative Analysis of Seven Countries.” Global Environmental Change 39 (2016): 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voigt, Christina. Research Handbook on REDD+ and International Law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallbott, Linda. “Indigenous Peoples in UN REDD+ Negotiations: ‘Importing Power’ and Lobbying for Rights through Discursive Interplay Management.” Ecology and Society 19, no. 1 (2014): 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar