Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T18:13:09.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Policies and Politics of Control: Countering Argentina's Uniformed and Unemployed Protesters

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Deborah L. Norden*
Affiliation:
Whittier College. [email protected]

Abstract

Like many new democracies, Argentina has struggled with contentious movements that have challenged its precarious stability. Two very different sectors have led particularly powerful opposition movements: the military—associated historically with the abuse of power—and the unemployed workers, with important support from prestigious human rights organizations. This article looks both at how the political standing of the sector (military versus civil society) influences policy choices and at how these policy choices influence whether opposition movements remain mobilized and contentious. It argues that situation-alleviating policies—those that successfully address interests of the sector as a whole—tend to be more successful in defusing contentious movements than policies relying on coercion, concessions, or co-optation of mobilized opposition groups. Situation alleviation depletes the contentious groups of possible recruits, while policies targeting the mobilized opposition may inadvertently motivate those actors to remain mobilized.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Armony, Ariel. 2004. The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization. Stanford : Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS). 2005. Las leyes de punto final y obedencia debida son inconstitucionales: inconstitucionalidad de las leyes del perdón. June 14. http://www.cels.org.ar/Site_cels/documentos/por_tema_justica.shtml. Accessed August 6, 2007.Google Scholar
D'Elía, Luis. 2009. Founder, Federación de Tierra, Vivienda y Habitat (Ftv); former undersecretary, Tierras para el Hábitat Social. Author interview. Buenos Aires, June 19.Google Scholar
Diamint, Rut. 2006. Crisis, Democracy, and the Military in Argentina. In Epstein and Pion-Berlin 2006. 163–79.Google Scholar
Diario El Clarín (Buenos Aires). 2001. De la Rúa renunció, cercado por la crisis y sin respaldo político. December 21. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2001/12/21/p-00215.htm. Accessed July 27, 2007.Google Scholar
Diario El Clarín (Buenos Aires). 2002. Piqueteros: la cara oculta del fenómeno. Video. http:/edant.clarin.com/diario/especiales/piqueteros.Google Scholar
Diario El Clarín (Buenos Aires). 2003. Duhalde firmará hoy el indulto a Seineldín y a Gorriarán Merlo. May 20. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2003/05/20/0-01001.htm. Accessed August 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Diario El Clarín (Buenos Aires). 2010. Piquetes, cortes y protestas en varios puntos del país. June 11. http://www.clarin.com/politica/Piquetes-cortes-protestas-various-puntos_0_278372181.html. Accessed June 18, 2010.Google Scholar
Di Marco, Graciela. 2004. Movimientos sociales en la Argentina: ¿reconstrucción de la sociedad civil? Paper prepared for the 2004 meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Las Vegas, October 7–9.Google Scholar
Epstein, Edward. 2006. The Piquetero Movement in Greater Buenos Aires: Political Protests by the Unemployed Poor during the Crisis. In Epstein and Pion-Berlin 2006. 97117.Google Scholar
Epstein, Edward. 2009. Perpetuating Social Movements amid Declining Opportunity: the Survival Strategies of Two Argentine Piquetero Groups. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 86 (April): 319.Google Scholar
Epstein, Edward, and Pion-Berlin, David, eds. 2006. Broken Promises? The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy. Lanham : Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Ferrer, Aldo. 1980. The Argentine Economy, 1976–1979. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 22, 2 (May): 131–62.Google Scholar
Garay, Candelaria. 2007. Social Policy and Collective Action: Unemployed Workers, Community Associations, and Protest in Argentina. Politics & Society 35 (June): 301–28.Google Scholar
Golbert, Laura. 2004. ¿Derecho a la inclusión o paz social? Plan Jefas y Jefes de Hogar Desocupados. Working paper, Serie Políticas Sociales. Santiago de Chile : CEPAL. April.Google Scholar
Gónzalez Bombal, Inés, and Luzzi, Mariana. 2006. Middle-Class Use of Barter Clubs: a Real Alternative or Just Survival? In Epstein and Pion-Berlin 2006. 143–62.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel, 1957. Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel, 1991. Democracy's Third Wave. Journal of Democracy 2, 2: 1234.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Jamie Elizabeth, and Maldonado, Martin. 2005. Civil Society in Argentina: Opportunities and Challenges for National and Transnational Organization. Journal of Latin American Studies 37: 141–72.Google Scholar
La Nación (Buenos Aires). 2006. Crece la malestar entre los militares. June 5.Google Scholar
La Nación (Buenos Aires). 2007. Pertenecer al gobierno tiene sus beneficios. July 29.Google Scholar
Lichbach, Mark. 1987. Deterrence or Escalation? the Puzzle of Aggregate Studies of Repression and Dissent. Journal of Conflict Resolution 31, 2 (June): 266–97.Google Scholar
MPR-Quebracho. 2007. Dossier informativo causa presos de Quebracho. June 5. http://www.quebracho.org.ar. Accessed June 26, 2011.Google Scholar
Norden, Deborah. 1995. Keeping the Peace, outside and in: Argentina's United Nations Missions. International Peacekeeping 2 (Autumn): 330–49.Google Scholar
Norden, Deborah. 1996a. Military Rebellion in Argentina: Between Coups and Consolidation. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Norden, Deborah. 1996b. The Transformation of Argentine Security. In Beyond Praetorianism: The Latin American Military in the Post–Cold War Period, ed. Millett, Richard and Gold-Bis, Michael. Coral Gables : North-South Center Press. 241–60.Google Scholar
Norden, Deborah, and Russell, Roberto. 2002. The United States and Argentina: Changing Relations in a Changing World. New York : Routledge.Google Scholar
Osiel, Mark. 1986. The Making of Human Rights Policy in Argentina. Journal of Latin American Studies 18 (May): 135–80.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, David. 1997. Through Corridors of Power: Institutions and Civil-Military Relations in Argentina. University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Pion-Berlin, David, and Trinkunas, Harold. 2005. Democratization, Social Crisis, and the Impact of Military Domestic Roles in Latin America. Journal of Political and Military Sociology 33, 1 (Summer): 524.Google Scholar
Pitrola, Néstor. 2007. Political and piquetero leader, Polo Obrero and Partido Obrero. (Workers' Pole piquetero organization and Workers' Party). Author interview. Buenos Aires, April 17.Google Scholar
Polack, María Elena. 2006. Expectativa militar por la reunión con Kirchner. La Nación (Buenos Aires), July 6. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/820994-expectativamilitar-por-la-reunion-con-kirchner.Google Scholar
Pozzi, Pablo. 2000. Popular Upheaval and Capitalist Transformation in Argentina. Latin American Perspectives 27: 6387.Google Scholar
Argentina, República. 1988. Ley de Defensa Nacional, Law 23, 554, 5–05–1988.Google Scholar
Argentina, República. 2009. Decreto 1763/2000: Procedimiento de selección para propuestas de ascensos de Oficiales Superiores. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/legislacion.html. Accessed June 25, 2010.Google Scholar
República Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. 1998. Libro blanco de la República Argentina, December 31. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/secciones/libro-blanco/libro%20blanco%20de%20defensa.doc.Google Scholar
República Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa. n.d. Historia del Ministerio de Defensa. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/historia.html.Google Scholar
República Argentina. Sitio Oficial del Ejército Argentino. 2007. Plan ejército argentino. 2025. http://www.ejercito.mil.ar/PEA2025/index.htm. Accessed August 15, 2007.Google Scholar
Rock, David. 2002. Racking Argentina. New Left Review 17 (September–October): 5586.Google Scholar
Saín, Marcelo Fabián. 2005. Las relaciones civiles-militares en la Argentina democrática (1983–2002). In Democracias frágiles: la relaciones civiles-militares en el mundo iberoamericano, ed. Olmeda, José A.. Madrid : Tirant Lo Blanch. 303–90.Google Scholar
Smulovitz, Catalina, and Peruzzotti, Enrique. 2000. Social Accountability in Latin America. Journal of Democracy 11, 4 (October): 147–58.Google Scholar
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). n.d. Military Expenditure Database. http://www.sipri.org. Accessed August 4, 2007.Google Scholar
Svampa, Maristella, and Pereyra, Sebastián. 2003. Entre la ruta y el barrio: la experiencia de las organizaciones piqueteros. Buenos Aires : Biblos.Google Scholar
Tibiletti, Luis. 2007. Secretary for Domestic Security, Argentina. Author interview. Buenos Aires, April 19.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles, and Tarrow, Sidney. 2007. Contentious Politics. Boulder : Paradigm.Google Scholar