Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T19:11:25.687Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Labialization in Nuuchahnulth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2008

John Stonham
Affiliation:
Pukyong National [email protected]
Eun-Sook Kim
Affiliation:
Pusan National [email protected]

Abstract

In this article we examine the phonetic properties of labialization in Nuuchahnulth, a Southern Wakashan language spoken on Vancouver Island. Given the moribund status of this language, we make use of available archival materials from the early twentieth century along with more recent recordings in order to ascertain the exact nature of the process. Early work on this language was conducted by Edward Sapir, who transcribed data in a more or less phonetic form. A second goal of our paper is to test the accuracy of Sapir's transcriptions. Finally, we examine the characteristics of Nuuchahnulth labialization which mark it as an important typological phenomenon.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Carlson, Barry F. & Esling, John H.. 2003. Phonetics and physiology of the historical shift of uvulars to pharyngeals in Nuuchahnulth (Nootka). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33, 183193.Google Scholar
Carlson, Barry F., Esling, John H. & Fraser, Katie. 2001. Nuuchahnulth. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 31, 275279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorian, Nancy C. 1980. Language death: The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Dorman, Michael F., Studdert-Kennedy, Michael & Raphael, Lawrence J.. 1977. Stop-consonant recognition: Release bursts and formant transitions as functionally equivalent context-dependent cues. Perception and Psychophysics 22, 109122.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. 2003. Glottal and epiglottal stop in Wakashan, Salish, and Semitic. In Solé, Maria-Josep, Recasens, Daniel & Romero, Joaquín (eds.), The 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 2, 17071710. Barcelona: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.Google Scholar
Esling, John H., Fraser, Katherine E. & Harris, James G.. 2005. Glottal stop, glottalized resonants, and pharyngeals: A reinterpretation with evidence from a laryngoscopic study of Nuuchahnulth (Nootka). Journal of Phonetics 33, 383410.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2001. The last speaker is dead – long live the last speaker! Newman, Paul & Ratliff, Martha (eds.), Linguistic fieldwork, 250281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, William H. Jr. 1969. Labialization in Nootkan. Presented at the International Conference on Salish Linguistics 4.Google Scholar
Jakobson, Roman, Gunnar, C., Fant, M. & Halle, Morris. 1951. Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jenkins, Carolyn J. 1981. Nootka and phonological theory. M.A. thesis, State University of New York at Albany.Google Scholar
Kent, Raymond D. & Read, Charles. 2002. The acoustic analysis of speech, 2nd edn. Albany, NY: Singular.Google Scholar
Kim, Eun-Sook. 2003. Theoretical issues in Nuu-chah-nulth phonology and morphology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Klokeid, Terry J. 1977. Some irrelevant observations concerning rule interaction. Journal of Linguistics 13, 283285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladefoged, Peter & Maddieson, Ian. 1996. The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwells.Google Scholar
Maddieson, Ian. 1984. Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. 1999. Sympathy and phonological opacity. Phonology 16, 331399.Google Scholar
McCarthy, John J. 2003. Sympathy, cumulativity, and the Duke-of-York gambit. In Féry, Caroline & van de Vijver, Ruben (eds.), The optimal syllable, 2376. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McCawley, James D. 1967. Sapir's phonologic representation. International Journal of American Linguistics 33, 106–11.Google Scholar
Nakayama, Toshihide (ed). 2003. CD-ROM to accompany George Louie's Nuu-chah-nulth (Ahousaht) Texts with Grammatical Analysis. Osaka: Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (ELPR) Publications.Google Scholar
Plichta, Bartek & Kornbluh, Mark. 2002. Digitizing speech recordings for archival purposes. http://www.africandl.org/research/audio_digitization.pdf (26 July 2007).Google Scholar
Pullum, Geoffrey K. 1976. The Duke of York gambit. Journal of Linguistics 12, 83102.Google Scholar
Rose, Suzanne M. 1981. Kyuquot grammar. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Victoria.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. n.d. Fieldnotes on Nootka. Boas Collection of the American Philosophical Society [W2a.18].Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1924. The Rival Whalers, a Nitinat story (Nootka text with translation and grammatical analysis). International Journal of American Linguistics 3, 76102.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. 1933. La réalité psychologique des phonèmes [Psychological reality of phonemes]. Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 30, 247–265. Translation in Mandelbaum, David G. (ed.), 1949, Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality, 46–60. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward & Swadesh, Morris. 1939. Nootka texts, tales and ethnological narratives, with grammatical notes and lexical materials. Philadelphia & Baltimore, MD: Linguistic Society of America.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward & Swadesh, Morris. 1955. Native accounts of Nootka ethnography. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore and Linguistics.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Annette. 1985. Young people's Dyirbal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stemberger, Joseph P. 1993. Glottal transparency. Phonology 10 (1), 107138.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donka. 1987. Redundant values. Chicago Linguistic Society 23 (2), 339362.Google Scholar
Stonham, John. 1999. Aspects of Tsishaath Nootka phonetics and phonology. Munich: LINCOM Europa.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris. 1948. A structural trend in Nootka. Word 4, 106119.Google Scholar
Thomas, Alex. 1931. Nootka speech: Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver [sound recording]. C. F. and F. M. Voegelin archives of the languages of the world 12-4856; EC 13033.Google Scholar
Wilson, Ian. 2000. Acoustic evidence of a phonetics–phonology mismatch in Nuu-chah-nulth. Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 108, No. 5, Pt. 2, 2506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zue, Victor W. 1976. Acoustic characteristics of stop consonants: A controlled study. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar